Removes UnaryOp

It was no longer used.

TODO.md

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 - Implemented Bounded: https://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.21.0.0/docs/Prelude.html#t:Bounded
 - Try to implement the min and max functions using select
 - Filter out methods that aren't used; other the other way around (easier?) only add __ methods when needed
-- Move UnaryOp.operator into type class methods
 - Move foldr into type class methods
 - PrimitiveType is just the type, nothing primitive about it (change the name). u32 are still basic types or something.
 - Clean up Subscript implementation - it's half implemented in the compiler. Makes more sense to move more parts to stdlib_types.

examples/crc32.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ _CRC32_Table: u32[256] = (
 )
 
 def _crc32_f(crc: u32, byt: u8) -> u32:
-    return (crc >> 8) ^ _CRC32_Table[(crc & 0xFF) ^ u32(byt)]
+    return (crc >> 8) ^ _CRC32_Table[(crc & 0xFF) ^ extend(byt)]
 
 @exported
 def crc32(data: bytes) -> u32:

phasm/codestyle.py

@@ -75,16 +75,6 @@ def expression(inp: ourlang.Expression) -> str:
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.VariableReference):
         return str(inp.variable.name)
 
-    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.UnaryOp):
-        if inp.operator == 'cast':
-            mtyp = type3(inp.type3)
-            if mtyp is None:
-                raise NotImplementedError(f'Casting to type {inp.type_var}')
-
-            return f'{mtyp}({expression(inp.right)})'
-
-        return f'{inp.operator}{expression(inp.right)}'
-
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp):
         return f'{expression(inp.left)} {inp.operator.name} {expression(inp.right)}'
 

phasm/compiler.py

@@ -237,6 +237,28 @@ INSTANCES = {
     prelude.Sized_.methods['len']: {
         'a=bytes': stdlib_types.bytes_sized_len,
     },
+    prelude.Extendable.methods['extend']: {
+        'a=u8,b=u32': stdlib_types.u8_u32_extend,
+        'a=u8,b=u64': stdlib_types.u8_u64_extend,
+        'a=u32,b=u64': stdlib_types.u32_u64_extend,
+        'a=i8,b=i32': stdlib_types.i8_i32_extend,
+        'a=i8,b=i64': stdlib_types.i8_i64_extend,
+        'a=i32,b=i64': stdlib_types.i32_i64_extend,
+    },
+    prelude.Extendable.methods['wrap']: {
+        'a=u8,b=u32': stdlib_types.u8_u32_wrap,
+        'a=u8,b=u64': stdlib_types.u8_u64_wrap,
+        'a=u32,b=u64': stdlib_types.u32_u64_wrap,
+        'a=i8,b=i32': stdlib_types.i8_i32_wrap,
+        'a=i8,b=i64': stdlib_types.i8_i64_wrap,
+        'a=i32,b=i64': stdlib_types.i32_i64_wrap,
+    },
+    prelude.Promotable.methods['promote']: {
+        'a=f32,b=f64': stdlib_types.f32_f64_promote,
+    },
+    prelude.Promotable.methods['demote']: {
+        'a=f32,b=f64': stdlib_types.f32_f64_demote,
+    },
 }
 
 def phasm_compile(inp: ourlang.Module) -> wasm.Module:
@@ -296,7 +318,7 @@ def type3(inp: type3placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder) -> wasm.WasmType:
         # And pointers are i32
         return wasm.WasmTypeInt32()
 
-    if prelude.InternalPassAsPointer in inp.classes:
+    if (prelude.InternalPassAsPointer, (inp, )) in prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING:
         return wasm.WasmTypeInt32()
 
     raise NotImplementedError(type3, inp)
@@ -344,7 +366,7 @@ def tuple_instantiation(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.TupleInstantiation) ->
 
         assert element.type3 == exp_type3
 
-        if prelude.InternalPassAsPointer in exp_type3.classes:
+        if (prelude.InternalPassAsPointer, (exp_type3, )) in prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING:
             mtyp = 'i32'
         else:
             assert isinstance(exp_type3, type3types.Type3), NotImplementedError('Tuple of applied types / structs')
@@ -413,7 +435,7 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
         if isinstance(inp.variable, ourlang.ModuleConstantDef):
             assert isinstance(inp.type3, type3types.Type3), type3placeholders.TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
 
-            if prelude.InternalPassAsPointer in inp.type3.classes:
+            if (prelude.InternalPassAsPointer, (inp.type3, )) in prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING:
                 assert isinstance(inp.variable.constant, (ourlang.ConstantBytes, ourlang.ConstantStruct, ourlang.ConstantTuple, ))
 
                 address = inp.variable.constant.data_block.address
@@ -457,18 +479,6 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
 
         raise NotImplementedError(inp.operator, instance_key)
 
-    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.UnaryOp):
-        expression(wgn, inp.right)
-
-        assert isinstance(inp.type3, type3types.Type3), type3placeholders.TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
-
-        if inp.operator == 'cast':
-            if inp.type3 == prelude.u32 and inp.right.type3 == prelude.u8:
-                # Nothing to do, you can use an u8 value as a u32 no problem
-                return
-
-        raise NotImplementedError(expression, inp.type3, inp.operator)
-
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.FunctionCall):
         for arg in inp.arguments:
             expression(wgn, arg)
@@ -487,7 +497,7 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
 
             instance_key = ','.join(
                 f'{k.letter}={v.name}'
-                for k, v in type_var_map.items()
+                for k, v in sorted(type_var_map.items(), key=lambda x: x[0].letter)
             )
 
             instance = INSTANCES.get(inp.function, {}).get(instance_key, None)
@@ -560,7 +570,7 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
 
                 expression(wgn, inp.varref)
 
-                if prelude.InternalPassAsPointer in el_type.classes:
+                if (prelude.InternalPassAsPointer, (el_type, )) in prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING:
                     mtyp = 'i32'
                 else:
                     assert isinstance(el_type, type3types.Type3), NotImplementedError('Tuple of applied types / structs')
@@ -972,7 +982,7 @@ def _generate_struct_constructor(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.StructConstruc
     # Store each member individually
     for memname, mtyp3 in st_args.items():
         mtyp: Optional[str]
-        if prelude.InternalPassAsPointer in mtyp3.classes:
+        if (prelude.InternalPassAsPointer, (mtyp3, )) in prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING:
             mtyp = 'i32'
         else:
             mtyp = LOAD_STORE_TYPE_MAP.get(mtyp3.name)

phasm/ourlang.py

@@ -127,21 +127,6 @@ class VariableReference(Expression):
         super().__init__()
         self.variable = variable
 
-class UnaryOp(Expression):
-    """
-    A unary operator expression within a statement
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('operator', 'right', )
-
-    operator: str
-    right: Expression
-
-    def __init__(self, operator: str, right: Expression) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-
-        self.operator = operator
-        self.right = right
-
 class BinaryOp(Expression):
     """
     A binary operator expression within a statement

phasm/parser.py

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ from .ourlang import (
     StructDefinition,
     Subscript,
     TupleInstantiation,
-    UnaryOp,
     VariableReference,
 )
 from .prelude import PRELUDE_METHODS, PRELUDE_OPERATORS, PRELUDE_TYPES
@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@ class OurVisitor:
 
             members[stmt.target.id] = self.visit_type(module, stmt.annotation)
 
-        return StructDefinition(prelude.struct(node.name, members, set()), node.lineno)
+        return StructDefinition(prelude.struct(node.name, members), node.lineno)
 
     def pre_visit_Module_AnnAssign(self, module: Module, node: ast.AnnAssign) -> ModuleConstantDef:
         if not isinstance(node.target, ast.Name):
@@ -389,19 +388,6 @@ class OurVisitor:
                 self.visit_Module_FunctionDef_expr(module, function, our_locals, node.right),
             )
 
-        if isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp):
-            if isinstance(node.op, ast.UAdd):
-                operator = '+'
-            elif isinstance(node.op, ast.USub):
-                operator = '-'
-            else:
-                raise NotImplementedError(f'Operator {node.op}')
-
-            return UnaryOp(
-                operator,
-                self.visit_Module_FunctionDef_expr(module, function, our_locals, node.operand),
-            )
-
         if isinstance(node, ast.Compare):
             if 1 < len(node.ops):
                 raise NotImplementedError('Multiple operators')
@@ -476,7 +462,7 @@ class OurVisitor:
 
         raise NotImplementedError(f'{node} as expr in FunctionDef')
 
-    def visit_Module_FunctionDef_Call(self, module: Module, function: Function, our_locals: OurLocals, node: ast.Call) -> Union[Fold, FunctionCall, UnaryOp]:
+    def visit_Module_FunctionDef_Call(self, module: Module, function: Function, our_locals: OurLocals, node: ast.Call) -> Union[Fold, FunctionCall]:
         if node.keywords:
             _raise_static_error(node, 'Keyword calling not supported') # Yet?
 
@@ -489,16 +475,6 @@ class OurVisitor:
 
         if node.func.id in PRELUDE_METHODS:
             func = PRELUDE_METHODS[node.func.id]
-        elif node.func.id == 'u32':
-            if 1 != len(node.args):
-                _raise_static_error(node, f'Function {node.func.id} requires 1 arguments but {len(node.args)} are given')
-
-            unary_op = UnaryOp(
-                'cast',
-                self.visit_Module_FunctionDef_expr(module, function, our_locals, node.args[0]),
-            )
-            unary_op.type3 = prelude.u32
-            return unary_op
         elif node.func.id == 'foldl':
             if 3 != len(node.args):
                 _raise_static_error(node, f'Function {node.func.id} requires 3 arguments but {len(node.args)} are given')

phasm/prelude/__init__.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ The prelude are all the builtin types, type classes and methods
 """
 
 from ..type3.functions import TypeVariable
-from ..type3.typeclasses import Type3Class, instance_type_class
+from ..type3.typeclasses import Type3Class
 from ..type3.types import (
     Type3,
     TypeConstructor_StaticArray,
@@ -11,40 +11,50 @@ from ..type3.types import (
     TypeConstructor_Tuple,
 )
 
-none = Type3('none', [])
+PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING: set[tuple[Type3Class, tuple[Type3, ...]]] = set()
+
+
+def instance_type_class(cls: Type3Class, *typ: Type3) -> None:
+    global PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING
+
+    # TODO: Check for required existing instantiations
+
+    PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING.add((cls, tuple(typ), ))
+
+none = Type3('none')
 """
 The none type, for when functions simply don't return anything. e.g., IO().
 """
 
-bool_ = Type3('bool', [])
+bool_ = Type3('bool')
 """
 The bool type, either True or False
 
 Suffixes with an underscores, as it's a Python builtin
 """
 
-u8 = Type3('u8', [])
+u8 = Type3('u8')
 """
 The unsigned 8-bit integer type.
 
 Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^8.
 """
 
-u32 = Type3('u32', [])
+u32 = Type3('u32')
 """
 The unsigned 32-bit integer type.
 
 Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^32.
 """
 
-u64 = Type3('u64', [])
+u64 = Type3('u64')
 """
 The unsigned 64-bit integer type.
 
 Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^64.
 """
 
-i8 = Type3('i8', [])
+i8 = Type3('i8')
 """
 The signed 8-bit integer type.
 
@@ -52,7 +62,7 @@ Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^8, but
 with the middel point being 0.
 """
 
-i32 = Type3('i32', [])
+i32 = Type3('i32')
 """
 The unsigned 32-bit integer type.
 
@@ -60,7 +70,7 @@ Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^32, but
 with the middel point being 0.
 """
 
-i64 = Type3('i64', [])
+i64 = Type3('i64')
 """
 The unsigned 64-bit integer type.
 
@@ -68,22 +78,25 @@ Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^64, but
 with the middel point being 0.
 """
 
-f32 = Type3('f32', [])
+f32 = Type3('f32')
 """
 A 32-bits IEEE 754 float, of 32 bits width.
 """
 
-f64 = Type3('f64', [])
+f64 = Type3('f64')
 """
 A 32-bits IEEE 754 float, of 64 bits width.
 """
 
-bytes_ = Type3('bytes', [])
+bytes_ = Type3('bytes')
 """
 This is a runtime-determined length piece of memory that can be indexed at runtime.
 """
 
-static_array = TypeConstructor_StaticArray('static_array', [], [])
+def sa_on_create(typ: Type3) -> None:
+    instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, typ)
+
+static_array = TypeConstructor_StaticArray('static_array', on_create=sa_on_create)
 """
 A type constructor.
 
@@ -93,7 +106,10 @@ It should be applied with one argument. It has a runtime-dynamic length
 of the same type repeated.
 """
 
-tuple_ = TypeConstructor_Tuple('tuple', [], [])
+def tp_on_create(typ: Type3) -> None:
+    instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, typ)
+
+tuple_ = TypeConstructor_Tuple('tuple', on_create=tp_on_create)
 """
 This is a fixed length piece of memory.
 
@@ -101,7 +117,10 @@ It should be applied with zero or more arguments. It has a compile time
 determined length, and each argument can be different.
 """
 
-struct = TypeConstructor_Struct('struct', [], [])
+def st_on_create(typ: Type3) -> None:
+    instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, typ)
+
+struct = TypeConstructor_Struct('struct', on_create=st_on_create)
 """
 This is like a tuple, but each argument is named, so that developers
 can get and set fields by name.
@@ -122,6 +141,7 @@ PRELUDE_TYPES: dict[str, Type3] = {
 }
 
 a = TypeVariable('a')
+b = TypeVariable('b')
 
 
 InternalPassAsPointer = Type3Class('InternalPassAsPointer', [a], methods={}, operators={})
@@ -130,9 +150,9 @@ Internal type class to keep track which types we pass arounds as a pointer.
 """
 
 instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, bytes_)
-instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, static_array)
+# instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, static_array)
-instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, tuple_)
+# instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, tuple_)
-instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, struct)
+# instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, struct)
 
 Eq = Type3Class('Eq', [a], methods={}, operators={
     '==': [a, a, bool_],
@@ -148,7 +168,6 @@ instance_type_class(Eq, i32)
 instance_type_class(Eq, i64)
 instance_type_class(Eq, f32)
 instance_type_class(Eq, f64)
-instance_type_class(Eq, static_array)
 
 Ord = Type3Class('Ord', [a], methods={
     'min': [a, a, a],
@@ -248,6 +267,25 @@ Sized_ = Type3Class('Sized', [a], methods={
 
 instance_type_class(Sized_, bytes_)
 
+Extendable = Type3Class('Extendable', [a, b], methods={
+    'extend': [a, b],
+    'wrap': [b, a],
+}, operators={})
+
+instance_type_class(Extendable, u8, u32)
+instance_type_class(Extendable, u8, u64)
+instance_type_class(Extendable, u32, u64)
+instance_type_class(Extendable, i8, i32)
+instance_type_class(Extendable, i8, i64)
+instance_type_class(Extendable, i32, i64)
+
+Promotable = Type3Class('Promotable', [a, b], methods={
+    'promote': [a, b],
+    'demote': [b, a],
+}, operators={})
+
+instance_type_class(Promotable, f32, f64)
+
 PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASSES = {
     'Eq': Eq,
     'Ord': Ord,
@@ -257,6 +295,8 @@ PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASSES = {
     'Integral': Integral,
     'Fractional': Fractional,
     'Floating': Floating,
+    'Extendable': Extendable,
+    'Promotable': Promotable,
 }
 
 PRELUDE_OPERATORS = {
@@ -279,4 +319,6 @@ PRELUDE_METHODS = {
     **IntNum.methods,
     **NatNum.methods,
     **Sized_.methods,
+    **Extendable.methods,
+    **Promotable.methods,
 }

phasm/stdlib/types.py

@@ -865,3 +865,59 @@ def f64_intnum_neg(g: Generator) -> None:
 def bytes_sized_len(g: Generator) -> None:
     # The length is stored in the first 4 bytes
     g.i32.load()
+
+## ###
+## Extendable
+
+def u8_u32_extend(g: Generator) -> None:
+    # No-op
+    # u8 is already stored as u32
+    pass
+
+def u8_u64_extend(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+
+def u32_u64_extend(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+
+def i8_i32_extend(g: Generator) -> None:
+    # No-op
+    # i8 is already stored as i32
+    pass
+
+def i8_i64_extend(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i64.extend_i32_s()
+
+def i32_i64_extend(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i64.extend_i32_s()
+
+def u8_u32_wrap(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i32.const(0xFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def u8_u64_wrap(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i32.wrap_i64()
+    g.i32.const(0xFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def u32_u64_wrap(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i32.wrap_i64()
+
+def i8_i32_wrap(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i32.const(0xFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def i8_i64_wrap(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i32.wrap_i64()
+
+def i32_i64_wrap(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i32.wrap_i64()
+
+## ###
+## Promotable
+
+def f32_f64_promote(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.f64.promote_f32()
+
+def f32_f64_demote(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.f32.demote_f64()

phasm/type3/constraints.py

@@ -45,7 +45,13 @@ class Context:
     Context for constraints
     """
 
-    __slots__ = ()
+    __slots__ = ('type_class_instances_existing', )
+
+    # Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists
+    type_class_instances_existing: set[tuple[typeclasses.Type3Class, tuple[types.Type3, ...]]]
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.type_class_instances_existing = set()
 
 class ConstraintBase:
     """
@@ -191,97 +197,68 @@ class TupleMatchConstraint(ConstraintBase):
 
         raise NotImplementedError(exp_type)
 
-class CastableConstraint(ConstraintBase):
-    """
-    A type can be cast to another type
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('from_type3', 'to_type3', )
-
-    from_type3: placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder
-    to_type3: placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder
-
-    def __init__(self, from_type3: placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder, to_type3: placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder, comment: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
-        super().__init__(comment=comment)
-
-        self.from_type3 = from_type3
-        self.to_type3 = to_type3
-
-    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
-        ftyp = self.from_type3
-        if isinstance(ftyp, placeholders.PlaceholderForType) and ftyp.resolve_as is not None:
-            ftyp = ftyp.resolve_as
-
-        ttyp = self.to_type3
-        if isinstance(ttyp, placeholders.PlaceholderForType) and ttyp.resolve_as is not None:
-            ttyp = ttyp.resolve_as
-
-        if isinstance(ftyp, placeholders.PlaceholderForType) or isinstance(ttyp, placeholders.PlaceholderForType):
-            return RequireTypeSubstitutes()
-
-        if ftyp is prelude.u8 and ttyp is prelude.u32:
-            return None
-
-        return Error(f'Cannot cast {ftyp.name} to {ttyp.name}')
-
-    def human_readable(self) -> HumanReadableRet:
-        return (
-            '{to_type3}({from_type3})',
-            {
-                'to_type3': self.to_type3,
-                'from_type3': self.from_type3,
-            },
-        )
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'CastableConstraint({repr(self.from_type3)}, {repr(self.to_type3)}, comment={repr(self.comment)})'
-
 class MustImplementTypeClassConstraint(ConstraintBase):
     """
     A type must implement a given type class
     """
-    __slots__ = ('type_class3', 'type3', )
+    __slots__ = ('context', 'type_class3', 'types', )
 
+    context: Context
     type_class3: Union[str, typeclasses.Type3Class]
-    type3: placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder
+    types: list[placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder]
 
     DATA = {
         'bytes': {'Foldable'},
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, type_class3: Union[str, typeclasses.Type3Class], type3: placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder, comment: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, context: Context, type_class3: Union[str, typeclasses.Type3Class], types: list[placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder], comment: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         super().__init__(comment=comment)
 
+        self.context = context
         self.type_class3 = type_class3
-        self.type3 = type3
+        self.types = types
 
     def check(self) -> CheckResult:
-        typ = self.type3
+        typ_list = []
-        if isinstance(typ, placeholders.PlaceholderForType) and typ.resolve_as is not None:
+        for typ in self.types:
-            typ = typ.resolve_as
+            if isinstance(typ, placeholders.PlaceholderForType) and typ.resolve_as is not None:
+                typ = typ.resolve_as
 
-        if isinstance(typ, placeholders.PlaceholderForType):
+            if isinstance(typ, placeholders.PlaceholderForType):
-            return RequireTypeSubstitutes()
+                return RequireTypeSubstitutes()
+
+            typ_list.append(typ)
+
+        assert len(typ_list) == len(self.types)
 
         if isinstance(self.type_class3, typeclasses.Type3Class):
-            if self.type_class3 in typ.classes:
+            key = (self.type_class3, tuple(typ_list), )
+            if key in self.context.type_class_instances_existing:
                 return None
         else:
-            if self.type_class3 in self.__class__.DATA.get(typ.name, set()):
+            if self.type_class3 in self.__class__.DATA.get(typ_list[0].name, set()):
                 return None
 
-        return Error(f'{typ.name} does not implement the {self.type_class3} type class')
+        typ_cls_name = self.type_class3 if isinstance(self.type_class3, str) else self.type_class3.name
+        typ_name_list = ' '.join(x.name for x in typ_list)
+        return Error(f'Missing type class instantation: {typ_cls_name} {typ_name_list}')
 
     def human_readable(self) -> HumanReadableRet:
+        keys = {
+            f'type{idx}': typ
+            for idx, typ in enumerate(self.types)
+        }
+
         return (
-            '{type3} derives {type_class3}',
+            'Exists instance {type_class3} ' + ' '.join(f'{{{x}}}' for x in keys),
             {
                 'type_class3': str(self.type_class3),
-                'type3': self.type3,
+                **keys,
             },
         )
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'MustImplementTypeClassConstraint({repr(self.type_class3)}, {repr(self.type3)}, comment={repr(self.comment)})'
+        return f'MustImplementTypeClassConstraint({repr(self.type_class3)}, {repr(self.types)}, comment={repr(self.comment)})'
 
 class LiteralFitsConstraint(ConstraintBase):
     """

phasm/type3/constraintsgenerator.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ from . import typeclasses as typeclasses
 from . import types as type3types
 from .constraints import (
     CanBeSubscriptedConstraint,
-    CastableConstraint,
     ConstraintBase,
     Context,
     LiteralFitsConstraint,
@@ -25,6 +24,7 @@ ConstraintGenerator = Generator[ConstraintBase, None, None]
 
 def phasm_type3_generate_constraints(inp: ourlang.Module) -> List[ConstraintBase]:
     ctx = Context()
+    ctx.type_class_instances_existing.update(prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING)
 
     return [*module(ctx, inp)]
 
@@ -48,14 +48,6 @@ def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> ConstraintGenerator:
             comment=f'typeOf("{inp.variable.name}") == typeOf({inp.variable.name})')
         return
 
-    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.UnaryOp):
-        if 'cast' == inp.operator:
-            yield from expression(ctx, inp.right)
-            yield CastableConstraint(inp.right.type3, inp.type3)
-            return
-
-        raise NotImplementedError(expression, inp, inp.operator)
-
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp) or isinstance(inp, ourlang.FunctionCall):
         signature = inp.operator.signature if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp) else inp.function.signature
         arguments = [inp.left, inp.right] if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp) else inp.arguments
@@ -71,18 +63,16 @@ def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> ConstraintGenerator:
         for call_arg in arguments:
             yield from expression(ctx, call_arg)
 
-        for type_var, constraint_list in signature.context.constraints.items():
+        for constraint in signature.context.constraints:
-            assert type_var in type_var_map # When can this happen?
+            if isinstance(constraint, functions.Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists):
+                yield MustImplementTypeClassConstraint(
+                    ctx,
+                    constraint.type_class3,
+                    [type_var_map[x] for x in constraint.types],
+                )
+                continue
 
-            for constraint in constraint_list:
+            raise NotImplementedError(constraint)
-                if isinstance(constraint, functions.TypeVariableConstraint_TypeHasTypeClass):
-                    yield MustImplementTypeClassConstraint(
-                        constraint.type_class3,
-                        type_var_map[type_var],
-                    )
-                    continue
-
-                raise NotImplementedError(constraint)
 
         for arg_no, (sig_part, arg_expr) in enumerate(zip(signature.args, arguments + [inp], strict=True)):
             if arg_no == len(arguments):
@@ -138,7 +128,7 @@ def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> ConstraintGenerator:
 
         yield SameTypeConstraint(inp.func.posonlyargs[0].type3, inp.func.returns_type3, inp.base.type3, inp.type3,
             comment='foldl :: Foldable t => (b -> a -> b) -> b -> t a -> b')
-        yield MustImplementTypeClassConstraint('Foldable', inp.iter.type3)
+        yield MustImplementTypeClassConstraint(ctx, 'Foldable', [inp.iter.type3])
 
         return
 

phasm/type3/functions.py

@@ -34,26 +34,37 @@ class TypeVariable:
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f'TypeVariable({repr(self.letter)})'
 
-class TypeVariableConstraintBase:
+class ConstraintBase:
     __slots__ = ()
 
-class TypeVariableConstraint_TypeHasTypeClass(TypeVariableConstraintBase):
+class Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists(ConstraintBase):
-    __slots__ = ('type_class3', )
+    __slots__ = ('type_class3', 'types', )
 
-    def __init__(self, type_class3: 'Type3Class') -> None:
+    type_class3: 'Type3Class'
+    types: list[TypeVariable]
+
+    def __init__(self, type_class3: 'Type3Class', types: Iterable[TypeVariable]) -> None:
         self.type_class3 = type_class3
+        self.types = list(types)
+
+        # Sanity check. AFAIK, if you have a multi-parameter type class,
+        # you can only add a constraint by supplying types for all variables
+        assert len(self.type_class3.args) == len(self.types)
 
 class TypeVariableContext:
-    __slots__ = ('constraints', )
+    __slots__ = ('variables', 'constraints', )
 
-    constraints: dict[TypeVariable, list[TypeVariableConstraintBase]]
+    variables: set[TypeVariable]
+    constraints: list[ConstraintBase]
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.constraints = {}
+        self.variables = set()
+        self.constraints = []
 
     def __copy__(self) -> 'TypeVariableContext':
         result = TypeVariableContext()
-        result.constraints.update(self.constraints)
+        result.variables.update(self.variables)
+        result.constraints.extend(self.constraints)
         return result
 
 class FunctionSignature:

phasm/type3/typeclasses.py

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Mapping, Optional, Union
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Mapping, Optional, Union
 
 from .functions import (
+    Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists,
     FunctionSignature,
     TypeVariable,
-    TypeVariableConstraint_TypeHasTypeClass,
     TypeVariableContext,
 )
-from .types import Type3, TypeConstructor, TypeConstructor_Struct
+from .types import Type3
 
 
 class Type3ClassMethod:
@@ -43,17 +43,7 @@ class Type3Class:
         self.args = list(args)
 
         context = TypeVariableContext()
-        for arg in args:
+        context.constraints.append(Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists(self, args))
-            context.constraints[arg] = [
-                TypeVariableConstraint_TypeHasTypeClass(self)
-            ]
-
-        # FIXME: Multi parameter class types
-        # To fix this, realise that an instantiation of a multi paramater type class
-        # means that the instantiation depends on the combination of type classes
-        # and so we can't store the type classes on the types anymore
-        # This also means constraints should store a tuple of types as its key
-        assert len(context.constraints) <= 1
 
         self.methods = {
             k: Type3ClassMethod(k, FunctionSignature(context, v))
@@ -67,9 +57,3 @@ class Type3Class:
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return self.name
-
-def instance_type_class(cls: Type3Class, typ: Type3 | TypeConstructor[Any] | TypeConstructor_Struct) -> None:
-    if isinstance(typ, Type3):
-        typ.classes.add(cls)
-    else:
-        typ.type_classes.add(cls)

phasm/type3/types.py

@@ -2,18 +2,13 @@
 Contains the final types for use in Phasm, as well as construtors.
 """
 from typing import (
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
+    Callable,
     Generic,
-    Iterable,
-    Set,
     Tuple,
     TypeVar,
 )
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from .typeclasses import Type3Class
-
 
 class KindArgument:
     pass
@@ -25,32 +20,18 @@ class Type3(KindArgument):
     (Having a separate name makes it easier to distinguish from
      Python's Type)
     """
-    __slots__ = ('name', 'classes', )
+    __slots__ = ('name', )
 
     name: str
     """
     The name of the string, as parsed and outputted by codestyle.
     """
 
-    classes: Set['Type3Class']
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
-    """
-    The type classes that this type implements
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, name: str, classes: Iterable['Type3Class']) -> None:
         self.name = name
-        self.classes = set(classes)
-
-        for cls in self.classes:
-            for inh_cls in cls.inherited_classes:
-                if inh_cls not in self.classes:
-                    raise Exception(
-                        f'No instance for ({inh_cls} {self.name})'
-                        f'; required for ({cls} {self.name})'
-                    )
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'Type3({repr(self.name)}, {repr(self.classes)})'
+        return f'Type3({repr(self.name)})'
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         return self.name
@@ -118,21 +99,16 @@ class TypeConstructor(Generic[T]):
     """
     Base class for type construtors
     """
-    __slots__ = ('name', 'classes', 'type_classes', '_cache', '_reverse_cache')
+    __slots__ = ('name', 'on_create', '_cache', '_reverse_cache')
 
     name: str
     """
     The name of the type constructor
     """
 
-    classes: Set['Type3Class']
+    on_create: Callable[[Type3], None]
     """
-    The type classes that this constructor implements
+    Who to let know if a type is created
-    """
-
-    type_classes: Set['Type3Class']
-    """
-    The type classes that the constructed types implement
     """
 
     _cache: dict[T, Type3]
@@ -146,10 +122,9 @@ class TypeConstructor(Generic[T]):
     Sometimes we need to know the key that created a type.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, name: str, classes: Iterable['Type3Class'], type_classes: Iterable['Type3Class']) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, name: str, on_create: Callable[[Type3], None]) -> None:
         self.name = name
-        self.classes = set(classes)
+        self.on_create = on_create
-        self.type_classes = set(type_classes)
 
         self._cache = {}
         self._reverse_cache = {}
@@ -175,8 +150,9 @@ class TypeConstructor(Generic[T]):
         """
         result = self._cache.get(key, None)
         if result is None:
-            self._cache[key] = result = Type3(self.make_name(key), self.type_classes)
+            self._cache[key] = result = Type3(self.make_name(key))
             self._reverse_cache[result] = key
+            self.on_create(result)
 
         return result
 
@@ -225,21 +201,16 @@ class TypeConstructor_Struct:
     """
     Base class for type construtors
     """
-    __slots__ = ('name', 'classes', 'type_classes', '_cache', '_reverse_cache')
+    __slots__ = ('name', 'on_create', '_cache', '_reverse_cache')
 
     name: str
     """
     The name of the type constructor
     """
 
-    classes: Set['Type3Class']
+    on_create: Callable[[Type3], None]
     """
-    The type classes that this constructor implements
+    Who to let know if a type is created
-    """
-
-    type_classes: Set['Type3Class']
-    """
-    The type classes that the constructed types implement
     """
 
     _cache: dict[str, Type3]
@@ -254,10 +225,9 @@ class TypeConstructor_Struct:
     used for making the type
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, name: str, classes: Iterable['Type3Class'], type_classes: Iterable['Type3Class']) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, name: str, on_create: Callable[[Type3], None]) -> None:
         self.name = name
-        self.classes = set(classes)
+        self.on_create = on_create
-        self.type_classes = set(type_classes)
 
         self._cache = {}
         self._reverse_cache = {}
@@ -270,8 +240,9 @@ class TypeConstructor_Struct:
         """
         return self._reverse_cache.get(typ)
 
-    def __call__(self, name: str, args: dict[str, Type3], classes: Set['Type3Class']) -> Type3:
+    def __call__(self, name: str, args: dict[str, Type3]) -> Type3:
-        result = Type3(name, classes | self.type_classes)
+        result = Type3(name)
         self._reverse_cache[result] = args
+        self.on_create(result)
 
         return result

phasm/wasmgenerator.py

@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ class Generator_i32(Generator_i32i64):
     def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         super().__init__('i32', generator)
 
+        # 2.4.1. Numeric Instructions
+        self.wrap_i64 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'i32.wrap_i64')
+
 class Generator_i64(Generator_i32i64):
     def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         super().__init__('i64', generator)
@@ -132,10 +135,16 @@ class Generator_f32(Generator_f32f64):
     def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         super().__init__('f32', generator)
 
+        # 2.4.1 Numeric Instructions
+        self.demote_f64 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'f32.demote_f64')
+
 class Generator_f64(Generator_f32f64):
     def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         super().__init__('f64', generator)
 
+        # 2.4.1 Numeric Instructions
+        self.promote_f32 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'f64.promote_f32')
+
 class Generator_Local:
     def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         self.generator = generator

tests/integration/helpers.py

@@ -264,6 +264,13 @@ def _load_memory_stored_returned_value(
 
     if ret_type3 in (prelude.i8, prelude.i32, prelude.i64):
         assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
+
+        if ret_type3 is prelude.i8:
+            # Values are actually i32
+            # Have to reinterpret to load proper value
+            data = struct.pack('<i', wasm_value)
+            wasm_value,  = struct.unpack('<bxxx', data)
+
         return wasm_value
 
     if ret_type3 in (prelude.u8, prelude.u32, prelude.u64):
@@ -354,7 +361,7 @@ def _unpack(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ: type3types.Type3, inp: bytes) -> An
 
         return _load_bytes_from_address(runner, typ, adr)
 
-    if prelude.InternalPassAsPointer in typ.classes:
+    if (prelude.InternalPassAsPointer, (typ, )) in prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING:
         # Note: For applied types, inp should contain a 4 byte pointer
         assert len(inp) == 4
         adr = struct.unpack('<I', inp)[0]

tests/integration/test_lang/test_builtins.py

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def testEntry(a: bytes, b: bytes) -> u8:
 def test_foldl_3():
     code_py = """
 def xor(l: u32, r: u8) -> u32:
-    return l ^ u32(r)
+    return l ^ extend(r)
 
 @exported
 def testEntry(a: bytes) -> u32:

tests/integration/test_lang/test_eq.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def testEntry(x: Foo, y: Foo) -> Foo:
     return x == y
 """
 
-    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Foo does not implement the Eq type class'):
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Missing type class instantation: Eq Foo'):
         Suite(code_py).run_code()
 
 @pytest.mark.integration_test
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def testEntry(x: Foo, y: Foo) -> Foo:
     return x != y
 """
 
-    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Foo does not implement the Eq type class'):
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Missing type class instantation: Eq Foo'):
         Suite(code_py).run_code()
 
 @pytest.mark.integration_test

tests/integration/test_lang/test_extendable.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import pytest
+
+from phasm.type3.entry import Type3Exception
+
+from ..helpers import Suite
+
+EXTENTABLE = [
+    ('u8', 'u32', ),
+    ('u8', 'u64', ),
+    ('u32', 'u64', ),
+
+    ('i8', 'i32', ),
+    ('i8', 'i64', ),
+    ('i32', 'i64', ),
+]
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_extend_not_implemented():
+    code_py = """
+class Foo:
+    val: i32
+
+class Baz:
+    val: i32
+
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: Foo) -> Baz:
+    return extend(x)
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Missing type class instantation: Extendable Foo Baz'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ext_from,ext_to', EXTENTABLE)
+def test_extend_ok(ext_from,ext_to):
+    code_py = f"""
+CONSTANT: {ext_from} = 10
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> {ext_to}:
+    return extend(CONSTANT)
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert 10 == result.returned_value
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ext_from,in_put,ext_to,exp_out', [
+    ('u8', 241, 'u32', 241),
+    ('u32', 4059165169, 'u64', 4059165169),
+    ('u8', 241, 'u64', 241),
+
+    ('i8', 113, 'i32', 113),
+    ('i32', 1911681521, 'i64', 1911681521),
+    ('i8', 113, 'i64', 113),
+
+    ('i8', -15, 'i32', -15),
+    ('i32', -15, 'i64', -15),
+    ('i8', -15, 'i64', -15),
+
+])
+def test_extend_results(ext_from, ext_to, in_put, exp_out):
+    code_py = f"""
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: {ext_from}) -> {ext_to}:
+    return extend(x)
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code(in_put)
+
+    assert exp_out == result.returned_value
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ext_from,ext_to', EXTENTABLE)
+def test_wrap_ok(ext_from,ext_to):
+    code_py = f"""
+CONSTANT: {ext_to} = 10
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> {ext_from}:
+    return wrap(CONSTANT)
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert 10 == result.returned_value
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ext_to,in_put,ext_from,exp_out', [
+    ('u32', 0xF1F1F1F1, 'u8', 0xF1),
+    ('u64', 0xF1F1F1F1F1F1F1F1, 'u32', 0xF1F1F1F1),
+    ('u64', 0xF1F1F1F1F1F1F1F1, 'u8', 0xF1),
+
+    ('i32', 0xF1F1F171, 'i8', 113),
+    ('i32', 0xF1F1F1F1, 'i8', -15),
+    ('i64', 0x71F1F1F171F1F1F1, 'i32', 1911681521),
+    ('i64', 0x71F1F1F1F1F1F1F1, 'i32', -235802127),
+    ('i64', 0xF1F1F1F1F1F1F171, 'i8', 113),
+    ('i64', 0xF1F1F1F1F1F1F1F1, 'i8', -15),
+])
+def test_wrap_results(ext_from, ext_to, in_put, exp_out):
+    code_py = f"""
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: {ext_to}) -> {ext_from}:
+    return wrap(x)
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code(in_put)
+
+    assert exp_out == result.returned_value

tests/integration/test_lang/test_natnum.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def testEntry(x: Foo, y: Foo) -> Foo:
     return x + y
 """
 
-    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Foo does not implement the NatNum type class'):
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Missing type class instantation: NatNum Foo'):
         Suite(code_py).run_code()
 
 @pytest.mark.integration_test

tests/integration/test_lang/test_promotable.py

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import pytest
+
+from phasm.type3.entry import Type3Exception
+
+from ..helpers import Suite
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_promote_not_implemented():
+    code_py = """
+class Foo:
+    val: i32
+
+class Baz:
+    val: i32
+
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: Foo) -> Baz:
+    return promote(x)
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Missing type class instantation: Promotable Foo Baz'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_promote_ok():
+    code_py = """
+CONSTANT: f32 = 10.5
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> f64:
+    return promote(CONSTANT)
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert 10.5 == result.returned_value
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_demote_ok():
+    code_py = """
+CONSTANT: f64 = 10.5
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> f32:
+    return demote(CONSTANT)
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert 10.5 == result.returned_value