Implements sum for Foldable types

Foldable take a TypeConstructor. The first argument must be a
NatNum.

TODO.md

@@ -12,9 +12,11 @@
 - Also, check the codes for FIXME and TODO
 - Allocation is done using pointers for members, is this desired?
 - See if we want to replace Fractional with Real, and add Rational, Irrationl, Algebraic, Transendental
+  - Implement q32? q64? Two i32/i64 divided?
 - Does Subscript do what we want? It's a language feature rather a normal typed thing. How would you implement your own Subscript-able type?
   - Clean up Subscript implementation - it's half implemented in the compiler. Makes more sense to move more parts to stdlib_types.
 - Have a set of rules or guidelines for the constraint comments, they're messy.
+- Why is expression_subscript_bytes using a helper method but expression_subscript_static_array is not?
 
 - Parser is putting stuff in ModuleDataBlock
   - Surely the compiler should build data blocks

phasm/codestyle.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ It's intented to be a "any color, as long as it's black" kind of renderer
 from typing import Generator
 
 from . import ourlang, prelude
-from .type3.types import Type3
+from .type3.types import Type3, TypeApplication_Struct
 
 
 def phasm_render(inp: ourlang.Module) -> str:
@@ -30,11 +30,10 @@ def struct_definition(inp: ourlang.StructDefinition) -> str:
     """
     Render: TypeStruct's definition
     """
-    st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(inp.struct_type3)
+    assert isinstance(inp.struct_type3.application, TypeApplication_Struct)
-    assert st_args is not None
 
     result = f'class {inp.struct_type3.name}:\n'
-    for mem, typ in st_args.items():
+    for mem, typ in inp.struct_type3.application.arguments:
         result += f'    {mem}: {type3(typ)}\n'
 
     return result

phasm/compiler.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 This module contains the code to convert parsed Ourlang into WebAssembly code
 """
 import struct
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Union
 
 from . import codestyle, ourlang, prelude, wasm
 from .runtime import calculate_alloc_size, calculate_member_offset
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from .stdlib import types as stdlib_types
 from .type3 import functions as type3functions
 from .type3 import typeclasses as type3classes
 from .type3 import types as type3types
+from .type3.routers import NoRouteForTypeException, TypeApplicationRouter
 from .wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
 
 TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR = 'You must call phasm_type3 after calling phasm_parse before your program can be compiled'
@@ -29,239 +30,6 @@ LOAD_STORE_TYPE_MAP = {
     'bytes': 'i32', # Bytes are passed around as pointers
 }
 
-# For now this is nice & clean, but this will get messy quick
-# Especially once we get functions with polymorphying applied types
-INSTANCES = {
-    prelude.Eq.operators['==']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_eq_equals,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_eq_equals,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_eq_equals,
-        'a=i8': stdlib_types.i8_eq_equals,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_eq_equals,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_eq_equals,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_eq_equals,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_eq_equals,
-    },
-    prelude.Eq.operators['!=']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_eq_not_equals,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_eq_not_equals,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_eq_not_equals,
-        'a=i8': stdlib_types.i8_eq_not_equals,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_eq_not_equals,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_eq_not_equals,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_eq_not_equals,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_eq_not_equals,
-    },
-    prelude.Ord.methods['min']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_ord_min,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_ord_min,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_ord_min,
-        'a=i8': stdlib_types.i8_ord_min,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_ord_min,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_ord_min,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_ord_min,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_ord_min,
-    },
-    prelude.Ord.methods['max']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_ord_max,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_ord_max,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_ord_max,
-        'a=i8': stdlib_types.i8_ord_max,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_ord_max,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_ord_max,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_ord_max,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_ord_max,
-    },
-    prelude.Ord.operators['<']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_ord_less_than,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_ord_less_than,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_ord_less_than,
-        'a=i8': stdlib_types.i8_ord_less_than,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_ord_less_than,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_ord_less_than,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_ord_less_than,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_ord_less_than,
-    },
-    prelude.Ord.operators['<=']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_ord_less_than_or_equal,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_ord_less_than_or_equal,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_ord_less_than_or_equal,
-        'a=i8': stdlib_types.i8_ord_less_than_or_equal,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_ord_less_than_or_equal,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_ord_less_than_or_equal,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_ord_less_than_or_equal,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_ord_less_than_or_equal,
-    },
-    prelude.Ord.operators['>']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_ord_greater_than,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_ord_greater_than,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_ord_greater_than,
-        'a=i8': stdlib_types.i8_ord_greater_than,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_ord_greater_than,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_ord_greater_than,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_ord_greater_than,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_ord_greater_than,
-    },
-    prelude.Ord.operators['>=']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
-        'a=i8': stdlib_types.i8_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
-    },
-    prelude.Bits.methods['shl']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_bits_logical_shift_left,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_bits_logical_shift_left,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_bits_logical_shift_left,
-    },
-    prelude.Bits.methods['shr']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_bits_logical_shift_right,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_bits_logical_shift_right,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_bits_logical_shift_right,
-    },
-    prelude.Bits.methods['rotl']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_bits_rotate_left,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_bits_rotate_left,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_bits_rotate_left,
-    },
-    prelude.Bits.methods['rotr']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_bits_rotate_right,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_bits_rotate_right,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_bits_rotate_right,
-    },
-    prelude.Bits.operators['&']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_bits_bitwise_and,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_bits_bitwise_and,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_bits_bitwise_and,
-    },
-    prelude.Bits.operators['|']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_bits_bitwise_or,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_bits_bitwise_or,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_bits_bitwise_or,
-    },
-    prelude.Bits.operators['^']: {
-        'a=u8': stdlib_types.u8_bits_bitwise_xor,
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_bits_bitwise_xor,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_bits_bitwise_xor,
-    },
-    prelude.Floating.methods['sqrt']: {
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_floating_sqrt,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_floating_sqrt,
-    },
-    prelude.Fractional.methods['ceil']: {
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_fractional_ceil,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_fractional_ceil,
-    },
-    prelude.Fractional.methods['floor']: {
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_fractional_floor,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_fractional_floor,
-    },
-    prelude.Fractional.methods['trunc']: {
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_fractional_trunc,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_fractional_trunc,
-    },
-    prelude.Fractional.methods['nearest']: {
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_fractional_nearest,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_fractional_nearest,
-    },
-    prelude.Fractional.operators['/']: {
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_fractional_div,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_fractional_div,
-    },
-    prelude.Integral.operators['//']: {
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_integral_div,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_integral_div,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_integral_div,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_integral_div,
-    },
-    prelude.Integral.operators['%']: {
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_integral_rem,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_integral_rem,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_integral_rem,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_integral_rem,
-    },
-    prelude.IntNum.methods['abs']: {
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_intnum_abs,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_intnum_abs,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_intnum_abs,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_intnum_abs,
-    },
-    prelude.IntNum.methods['neg']: {
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_intnum_neg,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_intnum_neg,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_intnum_neg,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_intnum_neg,
-    },
-    prelude.NatNum.operators['+']: {
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_natnum_add,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_natnum_add,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_natnum_add,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_natnum_add,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_natnum_add,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_natnum_add,
-    },
-    prelude.NatNum.operators['-']: {
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_natnum_sub,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_natnum_sub,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_natnum_sub,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_natnum_sub,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_natnum_sub,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_natnum_sub,
-    },
-    prelude.NatNum.operators['*']: {
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_natnum_mul,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_natnum_mul,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_natnum_mul,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_natnum_mul,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_natnum_mul,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_natnum_mul,
-    },
-    prelude.NatNum.operators['<<']: {
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
-    },
-    prelude.NatNum.operators['>>']: {
-        'a=u32': stdlib_types.u32_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
-        'a=u64': stdlib_types.u64_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
-        'a=i32': stdlib_types.i32_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
-        'a=i64': stdlib_types.i64_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
-        'a=f32': stdlib_types.f32_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
-        'a=f64': stdlib_types.f64_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
-    },
-    prelude.Sized_.methods['len']: {
-        'a=bytes': stdlib_types.bytes_sized_len,
-    },
-    prelude.Extendable.methods['extend']: {
-        'a=u8,b=u32': stdlib_types.u8_u32_extend,
-        'a=u8,b=u64': stdlib_types.u8_u64_extend,
-        'a=u32,b=u64': stdlib_types.u32_u64_extend,
-        'a=i8,b=i32': stdlib_types.i8_i32_extend,
-        'a=i8,b=i64': stdlib_types.i8_i64_extend,
-        'a=i32,b=i64': stdlib_types.i32_i64_extend,
-    },
-    prelude.Extendable.methods['wrap']: {
-        'a=u8,b=u32': stdlib_types.u8_u32_wrap,
-        'a=u8,b=u64': stdlib_types.u8_u64_wrap,
-        'a=u32,b=u64': stdlib_types.u32_u64_wrap,
-        'a=i8,b=i32': stdlib_types.i8_i32_wrap,
-        'a=i8,b=i64': stdlib_types.i8_i64_wrap,
-        'a=i32,b=i64': stdlib_types.i32_i64_wrap,
-    },
-    prelude.Promotable.methods['promote']: {
-        'a=f32,b=f64': stdlib_types.f32_f64_promote,
-    },
-    prelude.Promotable.methods['demote']: {
-        'a=f32,b=f64': stdlib_types.f32_f64_demote,
-    },
-}
-
 def phasm_compile(inp: ourlang.Module) -> wasm.Module:
     """
     Public method for compiling a parsed Phasm module into
@@ -330,19 +98,24 @@ def tuple_instantiation(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.TupleInstantiation) ->
     """
     assert inp.type3 is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
 
-    args: list[type3types.Type3] = []
+    args: tuple[type3types.Type3, ...]
 
-    sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(inp.type3)
+    if isinstance(inp.type3.application, type3types.TypeApplication_TypeStar):
-    if sa_args is not None:
+        # Possibly paranoid assert. If we have a future variadic type,
-        sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
+        # does it also do this tuple instantation like this?
-        args = [sa_type for _ in range(sa_len.value)]
+        assert isinstance(inp.type3.application.constructor, type3types.TypeConstructor_Tuple)
 
-    if not args:
+        args = inp.type3.application.arguments
-        tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(inp.type3)
+    elif isinstance(inp.type3.application, type3types.TypeApplication_TypeInt):
-        if tp_args is None:
+        # Possibly paranoid assert. If we have a future type of kind * -> Int -> *,
-            raise NotImplementedError
+        # does it also do this tuple instantation like this?
+        assert isinstance(inp.type3.application.constructor, type3types.TypeConstructor_StaticArray)
 
-        args = list(tp_args)
+        sa_type, sa_len = inp.type3.application.arguments
+
+        args = tuple(sa_type for _ in range(sa_len.value))
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError('tuple_instantiation', inp.type3)
 
     comment_elements = ''
     for element in inp.elements:
@@ -378,6 +151,78 @@ def tuple_instantiation(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.TupleInstantiation) ->
     # Return the allocated address
     wgn.local.get(tmp_var)
 
+def expression_subscript_bytes(
+        attrs: tuple[WasmGenerator, ourlang.Subscript],
+    ) -> None:
+    wgn, inp = attrs
+
+    expression(wgn, inp.varref)
+    expression(wgn, inp.index)
+    wgn.call(stdlib_types.__subscript_bytes__)
+
+def expression_subscript_static_array(
+        attrs: tuple[WasmGenerator, ourlang.Subscript],
+        args: tuple[type3types.Type3, type3types.IntType3],
+    ) -> None:
+    wgn, inp = attrs
+
+    el_type, el_len = args
+
+    # OPTIMIZE: If index is a constant, we can use offset instead of multiply
+    # and we don't need to do the out of bounds check
+
+    expression(wgn, inp.varref)
+
+    tmp_var = wgn.temp_var_i32('index')
+    expression(wgn, inp.index)
+    wgn.local.tee(tmp_var)
+
+    # Out of bounds check based on el_len.value
+    wgn.i32.const(el_len.value)
+    wgn.i32.ge_u()
+    with wgn.if_():
+        wgn.unreachable(comment='Out of bounds')
+
+    wgn.local.get(tmp_var)
+    wgn.i32.const(calculate_alloc_size(el_type))
+    wgn.i32.mul()
+    wgn.i32.add()
+
+    mtyp = LOAD_STORE_TYPE_MAP[el_type.name]
+
+    wgn.add_statement(f'{mtyp}.load')
+
+def expression_subscript_tuple(
+        attrs: tuple[WasmGenerator, ourlang.Subscript],
+        args: tuple[type3types.Type3, ...],
+    ) -> None:
+    wgn, inp = attrs
+
+    assert isinstance(inp.index, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive)
+    assert isinstance(inp.index.value, int)
+
+    offset = 0
+    for el_type in args[0:inp.index.value]:
+        assert el_type is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
+        offset += calculate_alloc_size(el_type)
+
+    el_type = args[inp.index.value]
+    assert el_type is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
+
+    expression(wgn, inp.varref)
+
+    if (prelude.InternalPassAsPointer, (el_type, )) in prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING:
+        mtyp = 'i32'
+    else:
+        mtyp = LOAD_STORE_TYPE_MAP[el_type.name]
+
+    wgn.add_statement(f'{mtyp}.load', f'offset={offset}')
+
+SUBSCRIPT_ROUTER = TypeApplicationRouter[tuple[WasmGenerator, ourlang.Subscript], None]()
+SUBSCRIPT_ROUTER.add_n(prelude.bytes_, expression_subscript_bytes)
+SUBSCRIPT_ROUTER.add(prelude.static_array, expression_subscript_static_array)
+SUBSCRIPT_ROUTER.add(prelude.tuple_, expression_subscript_tuple)
+
 def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
     """
     Compile: Any expression
@@ -447,9 +292,7 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
         expression(wgn, inp.left)
         expression(wgn, inp.right)
 
-        assert inp.type3 is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
+        type_var_map: Dict[Union[type3functions.TypeVariable, type3functions.TypeConstructorVariable], type3types.Type3] = {}
-
-        type_var_map: Dict[type3functions.TypeVariable, type3types.Type3] = {}
 
         for type_var, arg_expr in zip(inp.operator.signature.args, [inp.left, inp.right, inp], strict=True):
             if not isinstance(type_var, type3functions.TypeVariable):
@@ -459,18 +302,10 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
             assert arg_expr.type3 is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
             type_var_map[type_var] = arg_expr.type3
 
-        instance_key = ','.join(
+        router = prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCE_METHODS[inp.operator]
-            f'{k.letter}={v.name}'
+        router(wgn, type_var_map)
-            for k, v in type_var_map.items()
-        )
-
-        instance = INSTANCES.get(inp.operator, {}).get(instance_key, None)
-        if instance is not None:
-            instance(wgn)
         return
 
-        raise NotImplementedError(inp.operator, instance_key)
-
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.FunctionCall):
         for arg in inp.arguments:
             expression(wgn, arg)
@@ -480,25 +315,24 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
             type_var_map = {}
 
             for type_var, arg_expr in zip(inp.function.signature.args, inp.arguments + [inp], strict=True):
-                if not isinstance(type_var, type3functions.TypeVariable):
+                if isinstance(type_var, type3types.Type3):
                     # Fixed type, not part of the lookup requirements
                     continue
 
+                if isinstance(type_var, (type3functions.TypeVariable, type3functions.TypeConstructorVariable, )):
                     assert arg_expr.type3 is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
                     type_var_map[type_var] = arg_expr.type3
+                    continue
 
-            instance_key = ','.join(
+                raise NotImplementedError
-                f'{k.letter}={v.name}'
-                for k, v in sorted(type_var_map.items(), key=lambda x: x[0].letter)
-            )
 
-            instance = INSTANCES.get(inp.function, {}).get(instance_key, None)
+            router = prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCE_METHODS[inp.function]
-            if instance is not None:
+            try:
-                instance(wgn)
+                router(wgn, type_var_map)
+            except NoRouteForTypeException:
+                raise NotImplementedError(str(inp.function), type_var_map)
             return
 
-            raise NotImplementedError(inp.function, instance_key)
-
         wgn.add_statement('call', '${}'.format(inp.function.name))
         return
 
@@ -509,81 +343,22 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.Subscript):
         assert inp.varref.type3 is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
 
-        if inp.varref.type3 is prelude.bytes_:
+        # Type checker guarantees we don't get routing errors
-            expression(wgn, inp.varref)
+        SUBSCRIPT_ROUTER((wgn, inp, ), inp.varref.type3)
-            expression(wgn, inp.index)
-            wgn.call(stdlib_types.__subscript_bytes__)
         return
 
-        assert inp.varref.type3 is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
-
-        sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(inp.varref.type3)
-        if sa_args is not None:
-                el_type, el_len = sa_args
-
-                # OPTIMIZE: If index is a constant, we can use offset instead of multiply
-                # and we don't need to do the out of bounds check
-
-                expression(wgn, inp.varref)
-
-                tmp_var = wgn.temp_var_i32('index')
-                expression(wgn, inp.index)
-                wgn.local.tee(tmp_var)
-
-                # Out of bounds check based on el_len.value
-                wgn.i32.const(el_len.value)
-                wgn.i32.ge_u()
-                with wgn.if_():
-                    wgn.unreachable(comment='Out of bounds')
-
-                wgn.local.get(tmp_var)
-                wgn.i32.const(calculate_alloc_size(el_type))
-                wgn.i32.mul()
-                wgn.i32.add()
-
-                mtyp = LOAD_STORE_TYPE_MAP[el_type.name]
-
-                wgn.add_statement(f'{mtyp}.load')
-                return
-
-        tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(inp.varref.type3)
-        if tp_args is not None:
-                assert isinstance(inp.index, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive)
-                assert isinstance(inp.index.value, int)
-
-                offset = 0
-                for el_type in tp_args[0:inp.index.value]:
-                    assert el_type is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
-                    offset += calculate_alloc_size(el_type)
-
-                el_type = tp_args[inp.index.value]
-                assert el_type is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
-
-                expression(wgn, inp.varref)
-
-                if (prelude.InternalPassAsPointer, (el_type, )) in prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING:
-                    mtyp = 'i32'
-                else:
-                    mtyp = LOAD_STORE_TYPE_MAP[el_type.name]
-
-                wgn.add_statement(f'{mtyp}.load', f'offset={offset}')
-                return
-
-        raise NotImplementedError(expression, inp, inp.varref.type3)
-
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.AccessStructMember):
         assert inp.struct_type3 is not None, TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
 
-        st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(inp.struct_type3)
+        assert isinstance(inp.struct_type3.application, type3types.TypeApplication_Struct)
-        assert st_args is not None
 
-        member_type = st_args[inp.member]
+        member_type = dict(inp.struct_type3.application.arguments)[inp.member]
 
         mtyp = LOAD_STORE_TYPE_MAP[member_type.name]
 
         expression(wgn, inp.varref)
         wgn.add_statement(f'{mtyp}.load', 'offset=' + str(calculate_member_offset(
-            inp.struct_type3.name, st_args, inp.member
+            inp.struct_type3.name, inp.struct_type3.application.arguments, inp.member
         )))
         return
 
@@ -949,6 +724,7 @@ def module(inp: ourlang.Module) -> wasm.Module:
         stdlib_types.__u32_pow2__,
         stdlib_types.__u8_rotl__,
         stdlib_types.__u8_rotr__,
+        stdlib_types.__sa_i32_sum__,
     ] + [
         function(x)
         for x in inp.functions.values()
@@ -958,8 +734,9 @@ def module(inp: ourlang.Module) -> wasm.Module:
     return result
 
 def _generate_struct_constructor(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.StructConstructor) -> None:
-    st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(inp.struct_type3)
+    assert isinstance(inp.struct_type3.application, type3types.TypeApplication_Struct)
-    assert st_args is not None
+
+    st_args = inp.struct_type3.application.arguments
 
     tmp_var = wgn.temp_var_i32('struct_adr')
 
@@ -969,7 +746,7 @@ def _generate_struct_constructor(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.StructConstruc
     wgn.local.set(tmp_var)
 
     # Store each member individually
-    for memname, mtyp3 in st_args.items():
+    for memname, mtyp3 in st_args:
         mtyp: Optional[str]
         if (prelude.InternalPassAsPointer, (mtyp3, )) in prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING:
             mtyp = 'i32'

phasm/ourlang.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Union
 from . import prelude
 from .type3.functions import FunctionSignature, TypeVariableContext
 from .type3.typeclasses import Type3ClassMethod
-from .type3.types import Type3
+from .type3.types import Type3, TypeApplication_Struct
 
 
 class Expression:
@@ -341,9 +341,9 @@ class StructConstructor(Function):
     def __init__(self, struct_type3: Type3) -> None:
         super().__init__(f'@{struct_type3.name}@__init___@', -1)
 
-        st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(struct_type3)
+        assert isinstance(struct_type3.application, TypeApplication_Struct)
-        assert st_args is not None
+
-        for mem, typ in st_args.items():
+        for mem, typ in struct_type3.application.arguments:
             self.posonlyargs.append(FunctionParam(mem, typ, ))
             self.signature.args.append(typ)
 

phasm/parser.py

@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class OurVisitor:
 
             members[stmt.target.id] = self.visit_type(module, stmt.annotation)
 
-        return StructDefinition(prelude.struct(node.name, members), node.lineno)
+        return StructDefinition(prelude.struct(node.name, tuple(members.items())), node.lineno)
 
     def pre_visit_Module_AnnAssign(self, module: Module, node: ast.AnnAssign) -> ModuleConstantDef:
         if not isinstance(node.target, ast.Name):

phasm/prelude/__init__.py

@@ -1,60 +1,115 @@
 """
 The prelude are all the builtin types, type classes and methods
 """
+from typing import Callable
+from warnings import warn
+
+from phasm.stdlib import types as stdtypes
+from phasm.wasmgenerator import Generator
 
 from ..type3.functions import TypeVariable
-from ..type3.typeclasses import Type3Class
+from ..type3.routers import FunctionSignatureRouter
+from ..type3.typeclasses import Type3Class, Type3ClassMethod
 from ..type3.types import (
+    IntType3,
     Type3,
+    TypeApplication_Nullary,
     TypeConstructor_StaticArray,
     TypeConstructor_Struct,
     TypeConstructor_Tuple,
 )
 
-PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING: set[tuple[Type3Class, tuple[Type3, ...]]] = set()
+PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING: set[tuple[Type3Class, tuple[Union[Type3, TypeConstructor_Base[Any], TypeConstructor_Struct], ...]]] = set()
 
+PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCE_METHODS: dict[Type3ClassMethod, FunctionSignatureRouter[Generator, None]] = {}
 
-def instance_type_class(cls: Type3Class, *typ: Type3) -> None:
+class MissingImplementationException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class MissingImplementationWarning(Warning):
+    pass
+
+def instance_type_class(
+        cls: Type3Class,
+        *typ: Type3,
+        methods: dict[str, Callable[[Generator], None]] = {},
+        operators: dict[str, Callable[[Generator], None]] = {},
+) -> None:
     global PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING
+    global PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCE_METHODS
+
+    assert len(cls.args) == len(typ)
+
+    type_var_map = {}
+    for arg_tv, arg_tp in zip(cls.args, typ, strict=True):
+        type_var_map[arg_tv] = arg_tp
 
     # TODO: Check for required existing instantiations
 
     PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING.add((cls, tuple(typ), ))
 
-none = Type3('none')
+    for method_name, method in cls.methods.items():
+        router = PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCE_METHODS.get(method)
+        if router is None:
+            router = FunctionSignatureRouter[Generator, None](method.signature)
+            PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCE_METHODS[method] = router
+
+        try:
+            generator = methods[method_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            warn(MissingImplementationWarning(str(method), cls.name + ' ' + ' '.join(x.name for x in typ)))
+            continue
+
+        router.add(type_var_map, generator)
+
+    for operator_name, operator in cls.operators.items():
+        router = PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCE_METHODS.get(operator)
+        if router is None:
+            router = FunctionSignatureRouter[Generator, None](operator.signature)
+            PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCE_METHODS[operator] = router
+
+        try:
+            generator = operators[operator_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            warn(MissingImplementationWarning(str(operator), cls.name + ' ' + ' '.join(x.name for x in typ)))
+            continue
+
+        router.add(type_var_map, generator)
+
+none = Type3('none', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 The none type, for when functions simply don't return anything. e.g., IO().
 """
 
-bool_ = Type3('bool')
+bool_ = Type3('bool', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 The bool type, either True or False
 
 Suffixes with an underscores, as it's a Python builtin
 """
 
-u8 = Type3('u8')
+u8 = Type3('u8', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 The unsigned 8-bit integer type.
 
 Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^8.
 """
 
-u32 = Type3('u32')
+u32 = Type3('u32', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 The unsigned 32-bit integer type.
 
 Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^32.
 """
 
-u64 = Type3('u64')
+u64 = Type3('u64', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 The unsigned 64-bit integer type.
 
 Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^64.
 """
 
-i8 = Type3('i8')
+i8 = Type3('i8', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 The signed 8-bit integer type.
 
@@ -62,7 +117,7 @@ Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^8, but
 with the middel point being 0.
 """
 
-i32 = Type3('i32')
+i32 = Type3('i32', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 The unsigned 32-bit integer type.
 
@@ -70,7 +125,7 @@ Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^32, but
 with the middel point being 0.
 """
 
-i64 = Type3('i64')
+i64 = Type3('i64', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 The unsigned 64-bit integer type.
 
@@ -78,22 +133,22 @@ Operations on variables employ modular arithmetic, with modulus 2^64, but
 with the middel point being 0.
 """
 
-f32 = Type3('f32')
+f32 = Type3('f32', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 A 32-bits IEEE 754 float, of 32 bits width.
 """
 
-f64 = Type3('f64')
+f64 = Type3('f64', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 A 32-bits IEEE 754 float, of 64 bits width.
 """
 
-bytes_ = Type3('bytes')
+bytes_ = Type3('bytes', TypeApplication_Nullary(None, None))
 """
 This is a runtime-determined length piece of memory that can be indexed at runtime.
 """
 
-def sa_on_create(typ: Type3) -> None:
+def sa_on_create(args: tuple[Type3, IntType3], typ: Type3) -> None:
     instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, typ)
 
 static_array = TypeConstructor_StaticArray('static_array', on_create=sa_on_create)
@@ -106,7 +161,7 @@ It should be applied with one argument. It has a runtime-dynamic length
 of the same type repeated.
 """
 
-def tp_on_create(typ: Type3) -> None:
+def tp_on_create(args: tuple[Type3, ...], typ: Type3) -> None:
     instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, typ)
 
 tuple_ = TypeConstructor_Tuple('tuple', on_create=tp_on_create)
@@ -117,7 +172,7 @@ It should be applied with zero or more arguments. It has a compile time
 determined length, and each argument can be different.
 """
 
-def st_on_create(typ: Type3) -> None:
+def st_on_create(args: tuple[tuple[str, Type3], ...], typ: Type3) -> None:
     instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, typ)
 
 struct = TypeConstructor_Struct('struct', on_create=st_on_create)
@@ -143,8 +198,9 @@ PRELUDE_TYPES: dict[str, Type3] = {
 a = TypeVariable('a')
 b = TypeVariable('b')
 
+t = TypeConstructorVariable('t')
 
-InternalPassAsPointer = Type3Class('InternalPassAsPointer', [a], methods={}, operators={})
+InternalPassAsPointer = Type3Class('InternalPassAsPointer', (a, ), methods={}, operators={})
 """
 Internal type class to keep track which types we pass arounds as a pointer.
 """
@@ -154,22 +210,46 @@ instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, bytes_)
 # instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, tuple_)
 # instance_type_class(InternalPassAsPointer, struct)
 
-Eq = Type3Class('Eq', [a], methods={}, operators={
+Eq = Type3Class('Eq', (a, ), methods={}, operators={
     '==': [a, a, bool_],
     '!=': [a, a, bool_],
     # FIXME: Do we want to expose 'eqz'? Or is that a compiler optimization?
 })
 
-instance_type_class(Eq, u8)
+instance_type_class(Eq, u8, operators={
-instance_type_class(Eq, u32)
+    '==': stdtypes.u8_eq_equals,
-instance_type_class(Eq, u64)
+    '!=': stdtypes.u8_eq_not_equals,
-instance_type_class(Eq, i8)
+})
-instance_type_class(Eq, i32)
+instance_type_class(Eq, u32, operators={
-instance_type_class(Eq, i64)
+    '==': stdtypes.u32_eq_equals,
-instance_type_class(Eq, f32)
+    '!=': stdtypes.u32_eq_not_equals,
-instance_type_class(Eq, f64)
+})
+instance_type_class(Eq, u64, operators={
+    '==': stdtypes.u64_eq_equals,
+    '!=': stdtypes.u64_eq_not_equals,
+})
+instance_type_class(Eq, i8, operators={
+    '==': stdtypes.i8_eq_equals,
+    '!=': stdtypes.i8_eq_not_equals,
+})
+instance_type_class(Eq, i32, operators={
+    '==': stdtypes.i32_eq_equals,
+    '!=': stdtypes.i32_eq_not_equals,
+})
+instance_type_class(Eq, i64, operators={
+    '==': stdtypes.i64_eq_equals,
+    '!=': stdtypes.i64_eq_not_equals,
+})
+instance_type_class(Eq, f32, operators={
+    '==': stdtypes.f32_eq_equals,
+    '!=': stdtypes.f32_eq_not_equals,
+})
+instance_type_class(Eq, f64, operators={
+    '==': stdtypes.f64_eq_equals,
+    '!=': stdtypes.f64_eq_not_equals,
+})
 
-Ord = Type3Class('Ord', [a], methods={
+Ord = Type3Class('Ord', (a, ), methods={
     'min': [a, a, a],
     'max': [a, a, a],
 }, operators={
@@ -179,16 +259,80 @@ Ord = Type3Class('Ord', [a], methods={
     '>=': [a, a, bool_],
 }, inherited_classes=[Eq])
 
-instance_type_class(Ord, u8)
+instance_type_class(Ord, u8, methods={
-instance_type_class(Ord, u32)
+    'min': stdtypes.u8_ord_min,
-instance_type_class(Ord, u64)
+    'max': stdtypes.u8_ord_max,
-instance_type_class(Ord, i8)
+}, operators={
-instance_type_class(Ord, i32)
+    '<': stdtypes.u8_ord_less_than,
-instance_type_class(Ord, i64)
+    '<=': stdtypes.u8_ord_less_than_or_equal,
-instance_type_class(Ord, f32)
+    '>': stdtypes.u8_ord_greater_than,
-instance_type_class(Ord, f64)
+    '>=': stdtypes.u8_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
+})
+instance_type_class(Ord, u32, methods={
+    'min': stdtypes.u32_ord_min,
+    'max': stdtypes.u32_ord_max,
+}, operators={
+    '<': stdtypes.u32_ord_less_than,
+    '<=': stdtypes.u32_ord_less_than_or_equal,
+    '>': stdtypes.u32_ord_greater_than,
+    '>=': stdtypes.u32_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
+})
+instance_type_class(Ord, u64, methods={
+    'min': stdtypes.u64_ord_min,
+    'max': stdtypes.u64_ord_max,
+}, operators={
+    '<': stdtypes.u64_ord_less_than,
+    '<=': stdtypes.u64_ord_less_than_or_equal,
+    '>': stdtypes.u64_ord_greater_than,
+    '>=': stdtypes.u64_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
+})
+instance_type_class(Ord, i8, methods={
+    'min': stdtypes.i8_ord_min,
+    'max': stdtypes.i8_ord_max,
+}, operators={
+    '<': stdtypes.i8_ord_less_than,
+    '<=': stdtypes.i8_ord_less_than_or_equal,
+    '>': stdtypes.i8_ord_greater_than,
+    '>=': stdtypes.i8_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
+})
+instance_type_class(Ord, i32, methods={
+    'min': stdtypes.i32_ord_min,
+    'max': stdtypes.i32_ord_max,
+}, operators={
+    '<': stdtypes.i32_ord_less_than,
+    '<=': stdtypes.i32_ord_less_than_or_equal,
+    '>': stdtypes.i32_ord_greater_than,
+    '>=': stdtypes.i32_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
+})
+instance_type_class(Ord, i64, methods={
+    'min': stdtypes.i64_ord_min,
+    'max': stdtypes.i64_ord_max,
+}, operators={
+    '<': stdtypes.i64_ord_less_than,
+    '<=': stdtypes.i64_ord_less_than_or_equal,
+    '>': stdtypes.i64_ord_greater_than,
+    '>=': stdtypes.i64_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
+})
+instance_type_class(Ord, f32, methods={
+    'min': stdtypes.f32_ord_min,
+    'max': stdtypes.f32_ord_max,
+}, operators={
+    '<': stdtypes.f32_ord_less_than,
+    '<=': stdtypes.f32_ord_less_than_or_equal,
+    '>': stdtypes.f32_ord_greater_than,
+    '>=': stdtypes.f32_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
+})
+instance_type_class(Ord, f64, methods={
+    'min': stdtypes.f64_ord_min,
+    'max': stdtypes.f64_ord_max,
+}, operators={
+    '<': stdtypes.f64_ord_less_than,
+    '<=': stdtypes.f64_ord_less_than_or_equal,
+    '>': stdtypes.f64_ord_greater_than,
+    '>=': stdtypes.f64_ord_greater_than_or_equal,
+})
 
-Bits = Type3Class('Bits', [a], methods={
+Bits = Type3Class('Bits', (a, ), methods={
     'shl': [a, u32, a], # Logical shift left
     'shr': [a, u32, a], # Logical shift right
     'rotl': [a, u32, a], # Rotate bits left
@@ -200,11 +344,38 @@ Bits = Type3Class('Bits', [a], methods={
     '^': [a, a, a], # Bit-wise xor
 })
 
-instance_type_class(Bits, u8)
+instance_type_class(Bits, u8, methods={
-instance_type_class(Bits, u32)
+    'shl': stdtypes.u8_bits_logical_shift_left,
-instance_type_class(Bits, u64)
+    'shr': stdtypes.u8_bits_logical_shift_right,
+    'rotl': stdtypes.u8_bits_rotate_left,
+    'rotr': stdtypes.u8_bits_rotate_right,
+}, operators={
+    '&': stdtypes.u8_bits_bitwise_and,
+    '|': stdtypes.u8_bits_bitwise_or,
+    '^': stdtypes.u8_bits_bitwise_xor,
+})
+instance_type_class(Bits, u32, methods={
+    'shl': stdtypes.u32_bits_logical_shift_left,
+    'shr': stdtypes.u32_bits_logical_shift_right,
+    'rotl': stdtypes.u32_bits_rotate_left,
+    'rotr': stdtypes.u32_bits_rotate_right,
+}, operators={
+    '&': stdtypes.u32_bits_bitwise_and,
+    '|': stdtypes.u32_bits_bitwise_or,
+    '^': stdtypes.u32_bits_bitwise_xor,
+})
+instance_type_class(Bits, u64, methods={
+    'shl': stdtypes.u64_bits_logical_shift_left,
+    'shr': stdtypes.u64_bits_logical_shift_right,
+    'rotl': stdtypes.u64_bits_rotate_left,
+    'rotr': stdtypes.u64_bits_rotate_right,
+}, operators={
+    '&': stdtypes.u64_bits_bitwise_and,
+    '|': stdtypes.u64_bits_bitwise_or,
+    '^': stdtypes.u64_bits_bitwise_xor,
+})
 
-NatNum = Type3Class('NatNum', [a], methods={}, operators={
+NatNum = Type3Class('NatNum', (a, ), methods={}, operators={
     '+': [a, a, a],
     '-': [a, a, a],
     '*': [a, a, a],
@@ -212,35 +383,95 @@ NatNum = Type3Class('NatNum', [a], methods={}, operators={
     '>>': [a, u32, a], # Arithmic shift right
 })
 
-instance_type_class(NatNum, u32)
+instance_type_class(NatNum, u32, operators={
-instance_type_class(NatNum, u64)
+    '+': stdtypes.u32_natnum_add,
-instance_type_class(NatNum, i32)
+    '-': stdtypes.u32_natnum_sub,
-instance_type_class(NatNum, i64)
+    '*': stdtypes.u32_natnum_mul,
-instance_type_class(NatNum, f32)
+    '<<': stdtypes.u32_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
-instance_type_class(NatNum, f64)
+    '>>': stdtypes.u32_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
+})
+instance_type_class(NatNum, u64, operators={
+    '+': stdtypes.u64_natnum_add,
+    '-': stdtypes.u64_natnum_sub,
+    '*': stdtypes.u64_natnum_mul,
+    '<<': stdtypes.u64_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
+    '>>': stdtypes.u64_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
+})
+instance_type_class(NatNum, i32, operators={
+    '+': stdtypes.i32_natnum_add,
+    '-': stdtypes.i32_natnum_sub,
+    '*': stdtypes.i32_natnum_mul,
+    '<<': stdtypes.i32_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
+    '>>': stdtypes.i32_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
+})
+instance_type_class(NatNum, i64, operators={
+    '+': stdtypes.i64_natnum_add,
+    '-': stdtypes.i64_natnum_sub,
+    '*': stdtypes.i64_natnum_mul,
+    '<<': stdtypes.i64_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
+    '>>': stdtypes.i64_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
+})
+instance_type_class(NatNum, f32, operators={
+    '+': stdtypes.f32_natnum_add,
+    '-': stdtypes.f32_natnum_sub,
+    '*': stdtypes.f32_natnum_mul,
+    '<<': stdtypes.f32_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
+    '>>': stdtypes.f32_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
+})
+instance_type_class(NatNum, f64, operators={
+    '+': stdtypes.f64_natnum_add,
+    '-': stdtypes.f64_natnum_sub,
+    '*': stdtypes.f64_natnum_mul,
+    '<<': stdtypes.f64_natnum_arithmic_shift_left,
+    '>>': stdtypes.f64_natnum_arithmic_shift_right,
+})
 
-IntNum = Type3Class('IntNum', [a], methods={
+IntNum = Type3Class('IntNum', (a, ), methods={
     'abs': [a, a],
     'neg': [a, a],
 }, operators={}, inherited_classes=[NatNum])
 
-instance_type_class(IntNum, i32)
+instance_type_class(IntNum, i32, methods={
-instance_type_class(IntNum, i64)
+    'abs': stdtypes.i32_intnum_abs,
-instance_type_class(IntNum, f32)
+    'neg': stdtypes.i32_intnum_neg,
-instance_type_class(IntNum, f64)
+})
+instance_type_class(IntNum, i64, methods={
+    'abs': stdtypes.i64_intnum_abs,
+    'neg': stdtypes.i64_intnum_neg,
+})
+instance_type_class(IntNum, f32, methods={
+    'abs': stdtypes.f32_intnum_abs,
+    'neg': stdtypes.f32_intnum_neg,
+})
+instance_type_class(IntNum, f64, methods={
+    'abs': stdtypes.f64_intnum_abs,
+    'neg': stdtypes.f64_intnum_neg,
+})
 
-Integral = Type3Class('Eq', [a], methods={
+Integral = Type3Class('Eq', (a, ), methods={
 }, operators={
     '//': [a, a, a],
     '%': [a, a, a],
 }, inherited_classes=[NatNum])
 
-instance_type_class(Integral, u32)
+instance_type_class(Integral, u32, operators={
-instance_type_class(Integral, u64)
+    '//': stdtypes.u32_integral_div,
-instance_type_class(Integral, i32)
+    '%': stdtypes.u32_integral_rem,
-instance_type_class(Integral, i64)
+})
+instance_type_class(Integral, u64, operators={
+    '//': stdtypes.u64_integral_div,
+    '%': stdtypes.u64_integral_rem,
+})
+instance_type_class(Integral, i32, operators={
+    '//': stdtypes.i32_integral_div,
+    '%': stdtypes.i32_integral_rem,
+})
+instance_type_class(Integral, i64, operators={
+    '//': stdtypes.i64_integral_div,
+    '%': stdtypes.i64_integral_rem,
+})
 
-Fractional = Type3Class('Fractional', [a], methods={
+Fractional = Type3Class('Fractional', (a, ), methods={
     'ceil': [a, a],
     'floor': [a, a],
     'trunc': [a, a],
@@ -249,42 +480,91 @@ Fractional = Type3Class('Fractional', [a], methods={
     '/': [a, a, a],
 }, inherited_classes=[NatNum])
 
-instance_type_class(Fractional, f32)
+instance_type_class(Fractional, f32, methods={
-instance_type_class(Fractional, f64)
+    'ceil': stdtypes.f32_fractional_ceil,
+    'floor': stdtypes.f32_fractional_floor,
+    'trunc': stdtypes.f32_fractional_trunc,
+    'nearest': stdtypes.f32_fractional_nearest,
+}, operators={
+    '/': stdtypes.f32_fractional_div,
+})
+instance_type_class(Fractional, f64, methods={
+    'ceil': stdtypes.f64_fractional_ceil,
+    'floor': stdtypes.f64_fractional_floor,
+    'trunc': stdtypes.f64_fractional_trunc,
+    'nearest': stdtypes.f64_fractional_nearest,
+}, operators={
+    '/': stdtypes.f64_fractional_div,
+})
 
-Floating = Type3Class('Floating', [a], methods={
+Floating = Type3Class('Floating', (a, ), methods={
     'sqrt': [a, a],
 }, operators={}, inherited_classes=[Fractional])
 
 # FIXME: Do we want to expose copysign?
 
-instance_type_class(Floating, f32)
+instance_type_class(Floating, f32, methods={
-instance_type_class(Floating, f64)
+    'sqrt': stdtypes.f32_floating_sqrt,
+})
+instance_type_class(Floating, f64, methods={
+    'sqrt': stdtypes.f64_floating_sqrt,
+})
 
-Sized_ = Type3Class('Sized', [a], methods={
+Sized_ = Type3Class('Sized', (a, ), methods={
     'len': [a, u32],
 }, operators={})  # FIXME: Once we get type class families, add [] here
 
-instance_type_class(Sized_, bytes_)
+instance_type_class(Sized_, bytes_, methods={
+    'len': stdtypes.bytes_sized_len,
+})
 
-Extendable = Type3Class('Extendable', [a, b], methods={
+Extendable = Type3Class('Extendable', (a, b, ), methods={
     'extend': [a, b],
     'wrap': [b, a],
 }, operators={})
 
-instance_type_class(Extendable, u8, u32)
+instance_type_class(Extendable, u8, u32, methods={
-instance_type_class(Extendable, u8, u64)
+    'extend': stdtypes.u8_u32_extend,
-instance_type_class(Extendable, u32, u64)
+    'wrap': stdtypes.u8_u32_wrap,
-instance_type_class(Extendable, i8, i32)
+})
-instance_type_class(Extendable, i8, i64)
+instance_type_class(Extendable, u8, u64, methods={
-instance_type_class(Extendable, i32, i64)
+    'extend': stdtypes.u8_u64_extend,
+    'wrap': stdtypes.u8_u64_wrap,
+})
+instance_type_class(Extendable, u32, u64, methods={
+    'extend': stdtypes.u32_u64_extend,
+    'wrap': stdtypes.u32_u64_wrap,
+})
+instance_type_class(Extendable, i8, i32, methods={
+    'extend': stdtypes.i8_i32_extend,
+    'wrap': stdtypes.i8_i32_wrap,
+})
+instance_type_class(Extendable, i8, i64, methods={
+    'extend': stdtypes.i8_i64_extend,
+    'wrap': stdtypes.i8_i64_wrap,
+})
+instance_type_class(Extendable, i32, i64, methods={
+    'extend': stdtypes.i32_i64_extend,
+    'wrap': stdtypes.i32_i64_wrap,
+})
 
-Promotable = Type3Class('Promotable', [a, b], methods={
+Promotable = Type3Class('Promotable', (a, b, ), methods={
     'promote': [a, b],
     'demote': [b, a],
 }, operators={})
 
-instance_type_class(Promotable, f32, f64)
+instance_type_class(Promotable, f32, f64, methods={
+    'promote': stdtypes.f32_f64_promote,
+    'demote': stdtypes.f32_f64_demote,
+})
+
+Foldable = Type3Class('Foldable', (t, ), methods={
+    'sum': [t(a), a],
+}, operators={}, additional_context={
+    'sum': [Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists(NatNum, (a, ))],
+})
+
+instance_type_class(Foldable, static_array)
 
 PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASSES = {
     'Eq': Eq,
@@ -321,4 +601,5 @@ PRELUDE_METHODS = {
     **Sized_.methods,
     **Extendable.methods,
     **Promotable.methods,
+    **Foldable.methods,
 }

phasm/runtime.py

@@ -1,8 +1,40 @@
 from . import prelude
-from .type3 import types as type3types
+from .type3.routers import NoRouteForTypeException, TypeApplicationRouter
+from .type3.types import IntType3, Type3
 
 
-def calculate_alloc_size(typ: type3types.Type3, is_member: bool = False) -> int:
+def calculate_alloc_size_static_array(is_member: bool, args: tuple[Type3, IntType3]) -> int:
+    if is_member:
+        return 4
+
+    sa_type, sa_len = args
+
+    return sa_len.value * calculate_alloc_size(sa_type, is_member=True)
+
+def calculate_alloc_size_tuple(is_member: bool, args: tuple[Type3, ...]) -> int:
+    if is_member:
+        return 4
+
+    return sum(
+        calculate_alloc_size(x, is_member=True)
+        for x in args
+    )
+
+def calculate_alloc_size_struct(is_member: bool, args: tuple[tuple[str, Type3], ...]) -> int:
+    if is_member:
+        return 4
+
+    return sum(
+        calculate_alloc_size(x, is_member=True)
+        for _, x in args
+    )
+
+ALLOC_SIZE_ROUTER = TypeApplicationRouter[bool, int]()
+ALLOC_SIZE_ROUTER.add(prelude.static_array, calculate_alloc_size_static_array)
+ALLOC_SIZE_ROUTER.add(prelude.struct, calculate_alloc_size_struct)
+ALLOC_SIZE_ROUTER.add(prelude.tuple_, calculate_alloc_size_tuple)
+
+def calculate_alloc_size(typ: Type3, is_member: bool = False) -> int:
     if typ in (prelude.u8, prelude.i8, ):
         return 4 # FIXME: We allocate 4 bytes for every u8 since you load them into an i32
 
@@ -12,51 +44,20 @@ def calculate_alloc_size(typ: type3types.Type3, is_member: bool = False) -> int:
     if typ in (prelude.u64, prelude.i64, prelude.f64, ):
         return 8
 
-    if typ == prelude.bytes_:
+    try:
+        return ALLOC_SIZE_ROUTER(is_member, typ)
+    except NoRouteForTypeException:
         if is_member:
+            # By default, 'boxed' or 'constructed' types are
+            # stored as pointers when a member of a struct or tuple
             return 4
 
-        raise NotImplementedError # When does this happen?
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)
 
-    st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(typ)
+def calculate_member_offset(st_name: str, st_args: tuple[tuple[str, Type3], ...], needle: str) -> int:
-    if st_args is not None:
-        if is_member:
-            # Structs referred to by other structs or tuples are pointers
-            return 4
-
-        return sum(
-            calculate_alloc_size(x, is_member=True)
-            for x in st_args.values()
-        )
-
-    sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(typ)
-    if sa_args is not None:
-            if is_member:
-                # tuples referred to by other structs or tuples are pointers
-                return 4
-
-            sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
-
-            return sa_len.value * calculate_alloc_size(sa_type, is_member=True)
-
-    tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(typ)
-    if tp_args is not None:
-            if is_member:
-                # tuples referred to by other structs or tuples are pointers
-                return 4
-
-            size = 0
-            for arg in tp_args:
-                size += calculate_alloc_size(arg, is_member=True)
-
-            return size
-
-    raise NotImplementedError(calculate_alloc_size, typ)
-
-def calculate_member_offset(st_name: str, st_args: dict[str, type3types.Type3], needle: str) -> int:
     result = 0
 
-    for memnam, memtyp in st_args.items():
+    for memnam, memtyp in st_args:
         if needle == memnam:
             return result
 

phasm/stdlib/types.py

@@ -384,6 +384,50 @@ def __u8_rotr__(g: Generator, x: i32, r: i32) -> i32:
 
     return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
 
+@func_wrapper()
+def __sa_i32_sum__(g: Generator, adr: i32, arlen: i32) -> i32:
+    i32_size = 4
+
+    s = i32('s')
+    stop = i32('stop')
+
+    # stop = adr + ar_len * i32_size
+    g.local.get(adr)
+    g.local.get(arlen)
+    g.i32.const(i32_size)
+    g.i32.mul()
+    g.i32.add()
+    g.local.set(stop)
+
+    # sum = 0
+    g.i32.const(0)
+    g.local.set(s)
+
+    with g.loop():
+        # sum = sum + *adr
+        g.local.get(adr)
+        g.i32.load()
+        g.local.get(s)
+        g.i32.add()
+        g.local.set(s)
+
+        # adr = adr + i32_size
+        g.local.get(adr)
+        g.i32.const(i32_size)
+        g.i32.add()
+        g.local.tee(adr)
+
+        # loop if adr < stop
+        g.local.get(stop)
+        g.i32.lt_u()
+        g.br_if(0)
+
+    # return sum
+    g.local.get(s)
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
 ## ###
 ## class Eq
 
@@ -920,3 +964,11 @@ def f32_f64_promote(g: Generator) -> None:
 
 def f32_f64_demote(g: Generator) -> None:
     g.f32.demote_f64()
+
+def static_array_i32_4_sum(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i32.const(4)
+    g.add_statement('call $stdlib.types.__sa_i32_sum__')
+
+def static_array_i32_5_sum(g: Generator) -> None:
+    g.i32.const(5)
+    g.add_statement('call $stdlib.types.__sa_i32_sum__')

phasm/type3/constraints.py

@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ This module contains possible constraints generated based on the AST
 
 These need to be resolved before the program can be compiled.
 """
-from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 from .. import ourlang, prelude
 from . import placeholders, typeclasses, types
 from .placeholders import PlaceholderForType
+from .routers import NoRouteForTypeException, TypeApplicationRouter
 
 
 class Error:
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ class Context:
     __slots__ = ('type_class_instances_existing', )
 
     # Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists
-    type_class_instances_existing: set[tuple[typeclasses.Type3Class, tuple[types.Type3, ...]]]
+    type_class_instances_existing: set[tuple[typeclasses.Type3Class, tuple[Union[types.Type3, types.TypeConstructor_Base[Any], types.TypeConstructor_Struct], ...]]]
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.type_class_instances_existing = set()
@@ -158,24 +159,18 @@ class SameTypeConstraint(ConstraintBase):
         return f'SameTypeConstraint({args}, comment={repr(self.comment)})'
 
 class TupleMatchConstraint(ConstraintBase):
+    __slots__ = ('exp_type', 'args', )
+
+    exp_type: placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder
+    args: list[placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder]
+
     def __init__(self, exp_type: placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder, args: Iterable[placeholders.Type3OrPlaceholder], comment: str):
         super().__init__(comment=comment)
 
         self.exp_type = exp_type
         self.args = list(args)
 
-    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+    def _generate_static_array(self, sa_args: tuple[types.Type3, types.IntType3]) -> CheckResult:
-        exp_type = self.exp_type
-        if isinstance(exp_type, placeholders.PlaceholderForType):
-            if exp_type.resolve_as is None:
-                return RequireTypeSubstitutes()
-
-            exp_type = exp_type.resolve_as
-
-        assert isinstance(exp_type, types.Type3)
-
-        sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(exp_type)
-        if sa_args is not None:
         sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
 
         if sa_len.value != len(self.args):
@@ -186,8 +181,7 @@ class TupleMatchConstraint(ConstraintBase):
             for arg in self.args
         ]
 
-        tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(exp_type)
+    def _generate_tuple(self, tp_args: tuple[types.Type3, ...]) -> CheckResult:
-        if tp_args is not None:
         if len(tp_args) != len(self.args):
             return Error('Mismatch between applied types argument count', comment=self.comment)
 
@@ -196,6 +190,21 @@ class TupleMatchConstraint(ConstraintBase):
             for arg, oth_arg in zip(self.args, tp_args, strict=True)
         ]
 
+    GENERATE_ROUTER = TypeApplicationRouter['TupleMatchConstraint', CheckResult]()
+    GENERATE_ROUTER.add(prelude.static_array, _generate_static_array)
+    GENERATE_ROUTER.add(prelude.tuple_, _generate_tuple)
+
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        exp_type = self.exp_type
+        if isinstance(exp_type, placeholders.PlaceholderForType):
+            if exp_type.resolve_as is None:
+                return RequireTypeSubstitutes()
+
+            exp_type = exp_type.resolve_as
+
+        try:
+            return self.__class__.GENERATE_ROUTER(self, exp_type)
+        except NoRouteForTypeException:
             raise NotImplementedError(exp_type)
 
 class MustImplementTypeClassConstraint(ConstraintBase):
@@ -220,7 +229,7 @@ class MustImplementTypeClassConstraint(ConstraintBase):
         self.types = types
 
     def check(self) -> CheckResult:
-        typ_list = []
+        typ_list: list[types.Type3 | types.TypeConstructor_Base[Any] | types.TypeConstructor_Struct] = []
         for typ in self.types:
             if isinstance(typ, placeholders.PlaceholderForType) and typ.resolve_as is not None:
                 typ = typ.resolve_as
@@ -228,7 +237,15 @@ class MustImplementTypeClassConstraint(ConstraintBase):
             if isinstance(typ, placeholders.PlaceholderForType):
                 return RequireTypeSubstitutes()
 
+            if isinstance(typ.application, (types.TypeApplication_Nullary, types.TypeApplication_Struct, )):
                 typ_list.append(typ)
+                continue
+
+            if isinstance(typ.application, (types.TypeApplication_TypeInt, types.TypeApplication_TypeStar)):
+                typ_list.append(typ.application.constructor)
+                continue
+
+            raise NotImplementedError(typ, typ.application)
 
         assert len(typ_list) == len(self.types)
 
@@ -281,6 +298,85 @@ class LiteralFitsConstraint(ConstraintBase):
         self.type3 = type3
         self.literal = literal
 
+    def _generate_static_array(self, sa_args: tuple[types.Type3, types.IntType3]) -> CheckResult:
+        if not isinstance(self.literal, ourlang.ConstantTuple):
+            return Error('Must be tuple', comment=self.comment)
+
+        sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
+
+        if sa_len.value != len(self.literal.value):
+            return Error('Member count mismatch', comment=self.comment)
+
+        res: list[ConstraintBase] = []
+
+        res.extend(
+            LiteralFitsConstraint(sa_type, y)
+            for y in self.literal.value
+        )
+
+        # Generate placeholders so each Literal expression
+        # gets updated when we figure out the type of the
+        # expression the literal is used in
+        res.extend(
+            SameTypeConstraint(sa_type, PlaceholderForType([y]))
+            for y in self.literal.value
+        )
+
+        return res
+
+    def _generate_struct(self, st_args: tuple[tuple[str, types.Type3], ...]) -> CheckResult:
+        if not isinstance(self.literal, ourlang.ConstantStruct):
+            return Error('Must be struct')
+
+        if len(st_args) != len(self.literal.value):
+            return Error('Struct element count mismatch')
+
+        res: list[ConstraintBase] = []
+
+        res.extend(
+            LiteralFitsConstraint(x, y)
+            for (_, x), y in zip(st_args, self.literal.value, strict=True)
+        )
+
+        # Generate placeholders so each Literal expression
+        # gets updated when we figure out the type of the
+        # expression the literal is used in
+        res.extend(
+            SameTypeConstraint(x_t, PlaceholderForType([y]), comment=f'{self.literal.struct_name}.{x_n}')
+            for (x_n, x_t, ), y in zip(st_args, self.literal.value, strict=True)
+        )
+
+        return res
+
+    def _generate_tuple(self, tp_args: tuple[types.Type3, ...]) -> CheckResult:
+        if not isinstance(self.literal, ourlang.ConstantTuple):
+            return Error('Must be tuple', comment=self.comment)
+
+        if len(tp_args) != len(self.literal.value):
+            return Error('Tuple element count mismatch', comment=self.comment)
+
+        res: list[ConstraintBase] = []
+
+        res.extend(
+            LiteralFitsConstraint(x, y)
+            for x, y in zip(tp_args, self.literal.value, strict=True)
+        )
+
+        # Generate placeholders so each Literal expression
+        # gets updated when we figure out the type of the
+        # expression the literal is used in
+        res.extend(
+            SameTypeConstraint(x, PlaceholderForType([y]))
+            for x, y in zip(tp_args, self.literal.value, strict=True)
+        )
+
+        return res
+
+    GENERATE_ROUTER = TypeApplicationRouter['LiteralFitsConstraint', CheckResult]()
+    GENERATE_ROUTER.add(prelude.static_array, _generate_static_array)
+    GENERATE_ROUTER.add(prelude.struct, _generate_struct)
+    GENERATE_ROUTER.add(prelude.tuple_, _generate_tuple)
+
     def check(self) -> CheckResult:
         int_table: Dict[str, Tuple[int, bool]] = {
             'u8': (1, False),
@@ -331,92 +427,12 @@ class LiteralFitsConstraint(ConstraintBase):
 
             return Error('Must be bytes', comment=self.comment) # FIXME: Add line information
 
-        res: NewConstraintList
+        exp_type = self.type3
 
-        assert isinstance(self.type3, types.Type3)
+        try:
-
+            return self.__class__.GENERATE_ROUTER(self, exp_type)
-        tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(self.type3)
+        except NoRouteForTypeException:
-        if tp_args is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(exp_type)
-                if not isinstance(self.literal, ourlang.ConstantTuple):
-                    return Error('Must be tuple', comment=self.comment)
-
-                if len(tp_args) != len(self.literal.value):
-                    return Error('Tuple element count mismatch', comment=self.comment)
-
-                res = []
-
-                res.extend(
-                    LiteralFitsConstraint(x, y)
-                    for x, y in zip(tp_args, self.literal.value, strict=True)
-                )
-
-                # Generate placeholders so each Literal expression
-                # gets updated when we figure out the type of the
-                # expression the literal is used in
-                res.extend(
-                    SameTypeConstraint(x, PlaceholderForType([y]))
-                    for x, y in zip(tp_args, self.literal.value, strict=True)
-                )
-
-                return res
-
-        sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(self.type3)
-        if sa_args is not None:
-                if not isinstance(self.literal, ourlang.ConstantTuple):
-                    return Error('Must be tuple', comment=self.comment)
-
-                sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
-
-                if sa_len.value != len(self.literal.value):
-                    return Error('Member count mismatch', comment=self.comment)
-
-                res = []
-
-                res.extend(
-                    LiteralFitsConstraint(sa_type, y)
-                    for y in self.literal.value
-                )
-
-                # Generate placeholders so each Literal expression
-                # gets updated when we figure out the type of the
-                # expression the literal is used in
-                res.extend(
-                    SameTypeConstraint(sa_type, PlaceholderForType([y]))
-                    for y in self.literal.value
-                )
-
-                return res
-
-        st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(self.type3)
-        if st_args is not None:
-            if not isinstance(self.literal, ourlang.ConstantStruct):
-                return Error('Must be struct')
-
-            if self.literal.struct_name != self.type3.name:
-                return Error('Struct mismatch')
-
-
-            if len(st_args) != len(self.literal.value):
-                return Error('Struct element count mismatch')
-
-            res = []
-
-            res.extend(
-                LiteralFitsConstraint(x, y)
-                for x, y in zip(st_args.values(), self.literal.value, strict=True)
-            )
-
-            # Generate placeholders so each Literal expression
-            # gets updated when we figure out the type of the
-            # expression the literal is used in
-            res.extend(
-                SameTypeConstraint(x_t, PlaceholderForType([y]), comment=f'{self.literal.struct_name}.{x_n}')
-                for (x_n, x_t, ), y in zip(st_args.items(), self.literal.value, strict=True)
-            )
-
-            return res
-
-        raise NotImplementedError(self.type3, self.literal)
 
     def human_readable(self) -> HumanReadableRet:
         return (
@@ -456,38 +472,31 @@ class CanBeSubscriptedConstraint(ConstraintBase):
         self.index = index
         self.index_phft = index_phft
 
-    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+    def _generate_bytes(self) -> CheckResult:
-        exp_type = self.type3
+        return [
-        if isinstance(exp_type, placeholders.PlaceholderForType):
+            SameTypeConstraint(prelude.u32, self.index_phft, comment='([]) :: bytes -> u32 -> u8'),
-            if exp_type.resolve_as is None:
+            SameTypeConstraint(prelude.u8, self.ret_type3, comment='([]) :: bytes -> u32 -> u8'),
-                return RequireTypeSubstitutes()
-
-            exp_type = exp_type.resolve_as
-
-        assert isinstance(exp_type, types.Type3)
-
-        sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(exp_type)
-        if sa_args is not None:
-                sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
-
-                result: List[ConstraintBase] = [
-                    SameTypeConstraint(prelude.u32, self.index_phft, comment='([]) :: Subscriptable a => a b -> u32 -> b'),
-                    SameTypeConstraint(sa_type, self.ret_type3, comment='([]) :: Subscriptable a => a b -> u32 -> b'),
         ]
 
+    def _generate_static_array(self, sa_args: tuple[types.Type3, types.IntType3]) -> CheckResult:
+        sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
+
         if isinstance(self.index, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive):
             assert isinstance(self.index.value, int)
 
             if self.index.value < 0 or sa_len.value <= self.index.value:
                 return Error('Tuple index out of range')
 
-                return result
+        return [
+            SameTypeConstraint(prelude.u32, self.index_phft, comment='([]) :: Subscriptable a => a b -> u32 -> b'),
+            SameTypeConstraint(sa_type, self.ret_type3, comment='([]) :: Subscriptable a => a b -> u32 -> b'),
+        ]
 
+    def _generate_tuple(self, tp_args: tuple[types.Type3, ...]) -> CheckResult:
         # We special case tuples to allow for ease of use to the programmer
         # e.g. rather than having to do `fst a` and `snd a` and only have to-sized tuples
         # we use a[0] and a[1] and allow for a[2] and on.
-        tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(exp_type)
+
-        if tp_args is not None:
         if not isinstance(self.index, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive):
             return Error('Must index with literal')
 
@@ -502,12 +511,22 @@ class CanBeSubscriptedConstraint(ConstraintBase):
             SameTypeConstraint(tp_args[self.index.value], self.ret_type3, comment=f'Tuple subscript index {self.index.value}'),
         ]
 
-        if exp_type is prelude.bytes_:
+    GENERATE_ROUTER = TypeApplicationRouter['CanBeSubscriptedConstraint', CheckResult]()
-            return [
+    GENERATE_ROUTER.add_n(prelude.bytes_, _generate_bytes)
-                SameTypeConstraint(prelude.u32, self.index_phft, comment='([]) :: bytes -> u32 -> u8'),
+    GENERATE_ROUTER.add(prelude.static_array, _generate_static_array)
-                SameTypeConstraint(prelude.u8, self.ret_type3, comment='([]) :: bytes -> u32 -> u8'),
+    GENERATE_ROUTER.add(prelude.tuple_, _generate_tuple)
-            ]
 
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        exp_type = self.type3
+        if isinstance(exp_type, placeholders.PlaceholderForType):
+            if exp_type.resolve_as is None:
+                return RequireTypeSubstitutes()
+
+            exp_type = exp_type.resolve_as
+
+        try:
+            return self.__class__.GENERATE_ROUTER(self, exp_type)
+        except NoRouteForTypeException:
             return Error(f'{exp_type.name} cannot be subscripted')
 
     def human_readable(self) -> HumanReadableRet:

phasm/type3/constraintsgenerator.py

@@ -39,21 +39,48 @@ def constant(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Constant, phft: placeholders.Placeholder
 
     raise NotImplementedError(constant, inp)
 
-def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression, phft: placeholders.PlaceholderForType) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+def expression_binary_op(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.BinaryOp, phft: PlaceholderForType) -> ConstraintGenerator:
-    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.Constant):
+    return _expression_function_call(
-        yield from constant(ctx, inp, phft)
+        ctx,
-        return
+        f'({inp.operator.name})',
+        inp.operator.signature,
+        [inp.left, inp.right],
+        inp,
+        phft,
+    )
 
-    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.VariableReference):
+def expression_function_call(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.FunctionCall, phft: PlaceholderForType) -> ConstraintGenerator:
-        yield SameTypeConstraint(inp.variable.type3, phft,
+    return _expression_function_call(
-            comment=f'typeOf("{inp.variable.name}") == typeOf({inp.variable.name})')
+            ctx,
-        return
+            inp.function.name,
+            inp.function.signature,
+            inp.arguments,
+            inp,
+            phft,
+        )
 
-    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp) or isinstance(inp, ourlang.FunctionCall):
+def _expression_function_call(
-        signature = inp.operator.signature if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp) else inp.function.signature
+        ctx: Context,
-        arguments = [inp.left, inp.right] if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp) else inp.arguments
+        func_name: str,
+        signature: functions.FunctionSignature,
+        arguments: list[ourlang.Expression],
+        return_expr: ourlang.Expression,
+        return_phft: PlaceholderForType,
+    ) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    """
+    Generates all type-level constraints for a function call.
 
-        func_name = f'({inp.operator.name})' if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp) else inp.function.name
+    A Binary operator functions pretty much the same as a function call
+    with two arguments - it's only a syntactic difference.
+    """
+    arg_placeholders = {
+        arg_expr: PlaceholderForType([arg_expr])
+        for arg_expr in arguments
+    }
+    arg_placeholders[return_expr] = return_phft
+
+    for call_arg in arguments:
+        yield from expression(ctx, call_arg, arg_placeholders[call_arg])
 
     type_var_map = {
         x: placeholders.PlaceholderForType([])
@@ -61,11 +88,7 @@ def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression, phft: placeholders.Placeho
         if isinstance(x, functions.TypeVariable)
     }
 
-        arg_placeholders = {
+    print('type_var_map', type_var_map)
-            arg_expr: PlaceholderForType([arg_expr])
-            for arg_expr in arguments
-        }
-        arg_placeholders[inp] = phft
 
     for arg_expr in arguments:
         yield from expression(ctx, arg_expr, arg_placeholders[arg_expr])
@@ -81,7 +104,7 @@ def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression, phft: placeholders.Placeho
 
         raise NotImplementedError(constraint)
 
-        for arg_no, (sig_part, arg_expr) in enumerate(zip(signature.args, arguments + [inp], strict=True)):
+    for arg_no, (sig_part, arg_expr) in enumerate(zip(signature.args, arguments + [return_expr], strict=True)):
         if arg_no == len(arguments):
             comment = f'The type of a function call to {func_name} is the same as the type that the function returns'
         else:
@@ -98,6 +121,24 @@ def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression, phft: placeholders.Placeho
         raise NotImplementedError(sig_part)
     return
 
+def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression, phft: placeholders.PlaceholderForType) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.Constant):
+        yield from constant(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.VariableReference):
+        yield SameTypeConstraint(inp.variable.type3, phft,
+            comment=f'typeOf("{inp.variable.name}") == typeOf({inp.variable.name})')
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp):
+        yield from expression_binary_op(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.FunctionCall):
+        yield from expression_function_call(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.TupleInstantiation):
         r_type = []
         for arg in inp.elements:
@@ -124,12 +165,12 @@ def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression, phft: placeholders.Placeho
         return
 
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.AccessStructMember):
-        assert isinstance(inp.struct_type3, type3types.Type3)  # When does this happen?
+        assert isinstance(inp.struct_type3.application, type3types.TypeApplication_Struct)  # FIXME: See test_struct.py::test_struct_not_accessible
-        st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(inp.struct_type3)
+
-        assert st_args is not None  # FIXME: See test_struct.py::test_struct_not_accessible
+        mem_typ = dict(inp.struct_type3.application.arguments)[inp.member]
 
         yield from expression(ctx, inp.varref, PlaceholderForType([inp.varref]))  # TODO
-        yield SameTypeConstraint(st_args[inp.member], phft,
+        yield SameTypeConstraint(mem_typ, phft,
             comment=f'The type of a struct member reference is the same as the type of struct member {inp.struct_type3.name}.{inp.member}')
         return
 

phasm/type3/functions.py

@@ -19,9 +19,18 @@ class TypeVariable:
     letter: str
 
     def __init__(self, letter: str) -> None:
-        assert len(letter) == 1, f'{letter} is not a valid type variable'
         self.letter = letter
 
+    def deconstruct(self) -> 'TypeConstructorVariable | None':
+        letter_list = self.letter.split(' ')
+        if len(letter_list) == 1:
+            return None
+
+        if len(letter_list) == 2:
+            return TypeConstructorVariable(letter_list[0])
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(letter_list)
+
     def __hash__(self) -> int:
         return hash(self.letter)
 
@@ -34,6 +43,38 @@ class TypeVariable:
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f'TypeVariable({repr(self.letter)})'
 
+class TypeConstructorVariable:
+    """
+    Types constructor variable are used in function definition.
+
+    They are a lot like TypeVariable, except that they represent a
+    type constructor rather than a type directly.
+
+    For now, we only have type constructor variables for kind
+    * -> *.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('letter', )
+
+    letter: str
+
+    def __init__(self, letter: str) -> None:
+        self.letter = letter
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.letter, ))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, TypeConstructorVariable):
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        return (self.letter == other.letter)
+
+    def __call__(self, tvar: TypeVariable) -> 'TypeVariable':
+        return TypeVariable(self.letter + ' ' + tvar.letter)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'TypeConstructorVariable({self.letter!r})'
+
 class ConstraintBase:
     __slots__ = ()
 
@@ -51,21 +92,31 @@ class Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists(ConstraintBase):
         # you can only add a constraint by supplying types for all variables
         assert len(self.type_class3.args) == len(self.types)
 
-class TypeVariableContext:
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
-    __slots__ = ('variables', 'constraints', )
+        return self.type_class3.name + ' ' + ' '.join(x.letter for x in self.types)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists({self.type_class3.name}, {self.types!r})'
+
+class TypeVariableContext:
+    __slots__ = ('constraints', )
 
-    variables: set[TypeVariable]
     constraints: list[ConstraintBase]
 
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, constraints: Iterable[ConstraintBase] = ()) -> None:
-        self.variables = set()
+        self.constraints = list(constraints)
-        self.constraints = []
 
     def __copy__(self) -> 'TypeVariableContext':
-        result = TypeVariableContext()
+        return TypeVariableContext(self.constraints)
-        result.variables.update(self.variables)
+
-        result.constraints.extend(self.constraints)
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return result
+        if not self.constraints:
+            return ''
+
+        return '(' + ', '.join(str(x) for x in self.constraints) + ') => '
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'TypeVariableContext({self.constraints!r})'
 
 class FunctionSignature:
     __slots__ = ('context', 'args', )
@@ -76,3 +127,9 @@ class FunctionSignature:
     def __init__(self, context: TypeVariableContext, args: Iterable[Union['Type3', TypeVariable]]) -> None:
         self.context = context.__copy__()
         self.args = list(args)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.context) + ' -> '.join(x.letter if isinstance(x, TypeVariable) else x.name for x in self.args)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'FunctionSignature({self.context!r}, {self.args!r})'

phasm/type3/routers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+from typing import Any, Callable, TypeVar
+
+from .functions import FunctionSignature, TypeVariable
+from .types import Type3, TypeConstructor_Base
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+class NoRouteForTypeException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class TypeApplicationRouter[S, R]:
+    """
+    Helper class to find a method based on a constructed type
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('by_constructor', 'by_type', )
+
+    by_constructor: dict[Any, Callable[[S, Any], R]]
+    """
+    Contains all the added routing functions for constructed types
+    """
+
+    by_type: dict[Type3, Callable[[S], R]]
+    """
+    Contains all the added routing functions for constructed types
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.by_constructor = {}
+        self.by_type = {}
+
+    def add_n(self, typ: Type3, helper: Callable[[S], R]) -> None:
+        """
+        Lets you route to types that were not constructed
+
+        Also known types of kind *
+        """
+        self.by_type[typ] = helper
+
+    def add(self, constructor: TypeConstructor_Base[T], helper: Callable[[S, T], R]) -> None:
+        self.by_constructor[constructor] = helper
+
+    def __call__(self, arg0: S, typ: Type3) -> R:
+        t_helper = self.by_type.get(typ)
+        if t_helper is not None:
+            return t_helper(arg0)
+
+        c_helper = self.by_constructor.get(typ.application.constructor)
+        if c_helper is not None:
+            return c_helper(arg0, typ.application.arguments)
+
+        raise NoRouteForTypeException(arg0, typ)
+
+class FunctionSignatureRouter[S, R]:
+    """
+    Helper class to find a method based on a function signature
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('signature', 'data', )
+
+    signature: FunctionSignature
+
+    data: dict[tuple[Type3, ...], Callable[[S], R]]
+
+    def __init__(self, signature: FunctionSignature) -> None:
+        self.signature = signature
+        self.data = {}
+
+    def add(self, tv_map: dict[TypeVariable, Type3], helper: Callable[[S], R]) -> None:
+        key = tuple(
+            tv_map[x]
+            for x in self.signature.args
+            if isinstance(x, TypeVariable)
+        )
+        # assert len(key) == len(tv_map), (key, tv_map)
+
+        self.data[key] = helper
+
+    def __call__(self, arg0: S, tv_map: dict[TypeVariable, Type3]) -> R:
+        key = tuple(
+            tv_map[x]
+            for x in self.signature.args
+            if isinstance(x, TypeVariable)
+        )
+
+        t_helper = self.data.get(key)
+        if t_helper is not None:
+            return t_helper(arg0)
+
+        raise NoRouteForTypeException(arg0, tv_map)

phasm/type3/typeclasses.py

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Mapping, Optional, Union
 
 from .functions import (
     Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists,
+    ConstraintBase,
     FunctionSignature,
+    TypeConstructorVariable,
     TypeVariable,
     TypeVariableContext,
 )
@@ -19,6 +21,9 @@ class Type3ClassMethod:
         self.name = name
         self.signature = signature
 
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.name} :: {self.signature}'
+
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f'Type3ClassMethod({repr(self.name)}, {repr(self.signature)})'
 
@@ -26,7 +31,7 @@ class Type3Class:
     __slots__ = ('name', 'args', 'methods', 'operators', 'inherited_classes', )
 
     name: str
-    args: List[TypeVariable]
+    args: tuple[TypeVariable] | tuple[TypeVariable, TypeVariable] | tuple[TypeConstructorVariable]
     methods: Dict[str, Type3ClassMethod]
     operators: Dict[str, Type3ClassMethod]
     inherited_classes: List['Type3Class']
@@ -34,26 +39,60 @@ class Type3Class:
     def __init__(
             self,
             name: str,
-            args: Iterable[TypeVariable],
+            args: tuple[TypeVariable] | tuple[TypeVariable, TypeVariable] | tuple[TypeConstructorVariable],
             methods: Mapping[str, Iterable[Union[Type3, TypeVariable]]],
             operators: Mapping[str, Iterable[Union[Type3, TypeVariable]]],
             inherited_classes: Optional[List['Type3Class']] = None,
+            additional_context: Optional[Mapping[str, Iterable[ConstraintBase]]] = None,
         ) -> None:
         self.name = name
-        self.args = list(args)
+        self.args = args
-
-        context = TypeVariableContext()
-        context.constraints.append(Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists(self, args))
 
         self.methods = {
-            k: Type3ClassMethod(k, FunctionSignature(context, v))
+            k: Type3ClassMethod(k, _create_signature(v, self))
             for k, v in methods.items()
         }
         self.operators = {
-            k: Type3ClassMethod(k, FunctionSignature(context, v))
+            k: Type3ClassMethod(k, _create_signature(v, self))
             for k, v in operators.items()
         }
         self.inherited_classes = inherited_classes or []
 
+        if additional_context:
+            for func_name, constraint_list in additional_context.items():
+                func = self.methods.get(func_name) or self.operators.get(func_name)
+                assert func is not None  # type hint
+
+                func.signature.context.constraints.extend(constraint_list)
+
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return self.name
+
+def _create_signature(
+        method_arg_list: Iterable[Type3 | TypeVariable],
+        type_class3: Type3Class,
+    ) -> FunctionSignature:
+    context = TypeVariableContext()
+    if not isinstance(type_class3.args[0], TypeConstructorVariable):
+        context.constraints.append(Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists(type_class3, type_class3.args))
+
+    signature_args: list[Type3 | TypeVariable] = []
+    for method_arg in method_arg_list:
+        if isinstance(method_arg, Type3):
+            signature_args.append(method_arg)
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(method_arg, TypeVariable):
+            type_constructor = method_arg.deconstruct()
+            if type_constructor is None:
+                signature_args.append(method_arg)
+                continue
+
+            if (type_constructor, ) == type_class3.args:
+                context.constraints.append(Constraint_TypeClassInstanceExists(type_class3, [method_arg]))
+                signature_args.append(method_arg)
+                continue
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(method_arg)
+
+    return FunctionSignature(context, signature_args)

phasm/type3/types.py

@@ -4,15 +4,34 @@ Contains the final types for use in Phasm, as well as construtors.
 from typing import (
     Any,
     Callable,
-    Generic,
+    Hashable,
+    Self,
     Tuple,
     TypeVar,
 )
 
+S = TypeVar('S')
+T = TypeVar('T')
 
 class KindArgument:
     pass
 
+class TypeApplication_Base[T: Hashable, S: Hashable]:
+    """
+    Records the constructor and arguments used to create this type.
+
+    Nullary types, or types of kind *, have both arguments set to None.
+    """
+    constructor: T
+    arguments: S
+
+    def __init__(self, constructor: T, arguments: S) -> None:
+        self.constructor = constructor
+        self.arguments = arguments
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.constructor!r}, {self.arguments!r})'
+
 class Type3(KindArgument):
     """
     Base class for the type3 types
@@ -20,18 +39,25 @@ class Type3(KindArgument):
     (Having a separate name makes it easier to distinguish from
      Python's Type)
     """
-    __slots__ = ('name', )
+    __slots__ = ('name', 'application', )
 
     name: str
     """
     The name of the string, as parsed and outputted by codestyle.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+    application: TypeApplication_Base[Any, Any]
+    """
+    How the type was constructed; i.e. which constructor was used and which
+    type level arguments were applied to the constructor.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, application: TypeApplication_Base[Any, Any]) -> None:
         self.name = name
+        self.application = application
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'Type3({repr(self.name)})'
+        return f'Type3({self.name!r}, {self.application!r})'
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         return self.name
@@ -57,6 +83,9 @@ class Type3(KindArgument):
     def __bool__(self) -> bool:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+class TypeApplication_Nullary(TypeApplication_Base[None, None]):
+    pass
+
 class IntType3(KindArgument):
     """
     Sometimes you can have an int on the type level, e.g. when using static arrays
@@ -93,20 +122,18 @@ class IntType3(KindArgument):
     def __hash__(self) -> int:
         return hash(self.value)
 
-T = TypeVar('T')
+class TypeConstructor_Base[T]:
-
-class TypeConstructor(Generic[T]):
     """
     Base class for type construtors
     """
-    __slots__ = ('name', 'on_create', '_cache', '_reverse_cache')
+    __slots__ = ('name', 'on_create', '_cache', )
 
     name: str
     """
     The name of the type constructor
     """
 
-    on_create: Callable[[Type3], None]
+    on_create: Callable[[T, Type3], None]
     """
     Who to let know if a type is created
     """
@@ -117,31 +144,26 @@ class TypeConstructor(Generic[T]):
     it should produce the exact same result.
     """
 
-    _reverse_cache: dict[Type3, T]
+    def __init__(self, name: str, on_create: Callable[[T, Type3], None]) -> None:
-    """
-    Sometimes we need to know the key that created a type.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, name: str, on_create: Callable[[Type3], None]) -> None:
         self.name = name
         self.on_create = on_create
 
         self._cache = {}
-        self._reverse_cache = {}
 
     def make_name(self, key: T) -> str:
         """
         Renders the type's name based on the given arguments
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        raise NotImplementedError('make_name', self)
 
-    def did_construct(self, typ: Type3) -> T | None:
+    def make_application(self, key: T) -> TypeApplication_Base[Self, T]:
         """
-        Was the given type constructed by this constructor?
+        Records how the type was constructed into type.
 
-        If so, which arguments where used?
+        The type checker and compiler will need to know what
+        arguments where made to construct the type.
         """
-        return self._reverse_cache.get(typ)
+        raise NotImplementedError('make_application', self)
 
     def construct(self, key: T) -> Type3:
         """
@@ -150,22 +172,12 @@ class TypeConstructor(Generic[T]):
         """
         result = self._cache.get(key, None)
         if result is None:
-            self._cache[key] = result = Type3(self.make_name(key))
+            self._cache[key] = result = Type3(self.make_name(key), self.make_application(key))
-            self._reverse_cache[result] = key
+            self.on_create(key, result)
-            self.on_create(result)
 
         return result
 
-class TypeConstructor_Type(TypeConstructor[Type3]):
+class TypeConstructor_TypeInt(TypeConstructor_Base[Tuple[Type3, IntType3]]):
-    """
-    Base class type constructors of kind: * -> *
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def __call__(self, arg: Type3) -> Type3:
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-class TypeConstructor_TypeInt(TypeConstructor[Tuple[Type3, IntType3]]):
     """
     Base class type constructors of kind: * -> Int -> *
 
@@ -173,22 +185,34 @@ class TypeConstructor_TypeInt(TypeConstructor[Tuple[Type3, IntType3]]):
     """
     __slots__ = ()
 
+    def make_application(self, key: Tuple[Type3, IntType3]) -> 'TypeApplication_TypeInt':
+        return TypeApplication_TypeInt(self, key)
+
     def make_name(self, key: Tuple[Type3, IntType3]) -> str:
         return f'{self.name} {key[0].name} {key[1].value}'
 
     def __call__(self, arg0: Type3, arg1: IntType3) -> Type3:
         return self.construct((arg0, arg1))
 
-class TypeConstructor_TypeStar(TypeConstructor[Tuple[Type3, ...]]):
+class TypeApplication_TypeInt(TypeApplication_Base[TypeConstructor_TypeInt, Tuple[Type3, IntType3]]):
+    pass
+
+class TypeConstructor_TypeStar(TypeConstructor_Base[Tuple[Type3, ...]]):
     """
     Base class type constructors of variadic kind
 
     Notably, tuple.
     """
+    def make_application(self, key: Tuple[Type3, ...]) -> 'TypeApplication_TypeStar':
+        return TypeApplication_TypeStar(self, key)
+
     def __call__(self, *args: Type3) -> Type3:
         key: Tuple[Type3, ...] = tuple(args)
         return self.construct(key)
 
+class TypeApplication_TypeStar(TypeApplication_Base[TypeConstructor_TypeStar, Tuple[Type3, ...]]):
+    pass
+
 class TypeConstructor_StaticArray(TypeConstructor_TypeInt):
     def make_name(self, key: Tuple[Type3, IntType3]) -> str:
         return f'{key[0].name}[{key[1].value}]'
@@ -197,52 +221,30 @@ class TypeConstructor_Tuple(TypeConstructor_TypeStar):
     def make_name(self, key: Tuple[Type3, ...]) -> str:
         return '(' + ', '.join(x.name for x in key) + ', )'
 
-class TypeConstructor_Struct:
+class TypeConstructor_Struct(TypeConstructor_Base[tuple[tuple[str, Type3], ...]]):
     """
-    Base class for type construtors
+    Constructs struct types
     """
-    __slots__ = ('name', 'on_create', '_cache', '_reverse_cache')
+    def make_application(self, key: tuple[tuple[str, Type3], ...]) -> 'TypeApplication_Struct':
+        return TypeApplication_Struct(self, key)
 
-    name: str
+    def make_name(self, key: tuple[tuple[str, Type3], ...]) -> str:
-    """
+        return f'{self.name}(' + ', '.join(
-    The name of the type constructor
+            f'{n}: {t.name}'
-    """
+            for n, t in key
+        ) + ')'
 
-    on_create: Callable[[Type3], None]
+    def construct(self, key: T) -> Type3:
         """
-    Who to let know if a type is created
+        Constructs the type by applying the given arguments to this
+        constructor.
         """
+        raise Exception('This does not work with the caching system')
 
-    _cache: dict[str, Type3]
+    def __call__(self, name: str, args: tuple[tuple[str, Type3], ...]) -> Type3:
-    """
+        result = Type3(name, self.make_application(args))
-    When constructing a type with the same arguments,
+        self.on_create(args, result)
-    it should produce the exact same result.
-    """
-
-    _reverse_cache: dict[Type3, dict[str, Type3]]
-    """
-    After construction you may need to look up the arguments
-    used for making the type
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, name: str, on_create: Callable[[Type3], None]) -> None:
-        self.name = name
-        self.on_create = on_create
-
-        self._cache = {}
-        self._reverse_cache = {}
-
-    def did_construct(self, typ: Type3) -> dict[str, Type3] | None:
-        """
-        Was the given type constructed by this constructor?
-
-        If so, which arguments where used?
-        """
-        return self._reverse_cache.get(typ)
-
-    def __call__(self, name: str, args: dict[str, Type3]) -> Type3:
-        result = Type3(name)
-        self._reverse_cache[result] = args
-        self.on_create(result)
-
         return result
+
+class TypeApplication_Struct(TypeApplication_Base[TypeConstructor_Struct, tuple[tuple[str, Type3], ...]]):
+    pass

tests/integration/helpers.py

@@ -4,8 +4,14 @@ from typing import Any, Generator, Iterable, List, TextIO, Union
 
 from phasm import compiler, prelude
 from phasm.codestyle import phasm_render
-from phasm.runtime import calculate_alloc_size
+from phasm.runtime import (
+    calculate_alloc_size,
+    calculate_alloc_size_static_array,
+    calculate_alloc_size_struct,
+    calculate_alloc_size_tuple,
+)
 from phasm.type3 import types as type3types
+from phasm.type3.routers import NoRouteForTypeException, TypeApplicationRouter
 
 from . import runners
 
@@ -79,29 +85,10 @@ class Suite:
                     wasm_args.append(arg)
                     continue
 
-                if arg_typ is prelude.bytes_:
+                try:
-                    adr = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, arg_typ, arg)
+                    adr = ALLOCATE_MEMORY_STORED_ROUTER((runner, arg), arg_typ)
                     wasm_args.append(adr)
-                    continue
+                except NoRouteForTypeException:
-
-                sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(arg_typ)
-                if sa_args is not None:
-                        adr = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, arg_typ, arg)
-                        wasm_args.append(adr)
-                        continue
-
-                tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(arg_typ)
-                if tp_args is not None:
-                        adr = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, arg_typ, arg)
-                        wasm_args.append(adr)
-                        continue
-
-                st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(arg_typ)
-                if st_args is not None:
-                    adr = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, arg_typ, arg)
-                    wasm_args.append(adr)
-                    continue
-
                     raise NotImplementedError(arg_typ, arg)
 
         write_header(sys.stderr, 'Memory (pre run)')
@@ -141,39 +128,18 @@ def _write_memory_stored_value(
         val_typ: type3types.Type3,
         val: Any,
     ) -> int:
-    if val_typ is prelude.bytes_:
+    try:
-        adr2 = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, val_typ, val)
+        adr2 = ALLOCATE_MEMORY_STORED_ROUTER((runner, val), val_typ)
         runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, compiler.module_data_u32(adr2))
         return 4
-
+    except NoRouteForTypeException:
-    st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(val_typ)
-    if st_args is not None:
-        adr2 = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, val_typ, val)
-        runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, compiler.module_data_u32(adr2))
-        return 4
-
-    sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(val_typ)
-    if sa_args is not None:
-        adr2 = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, val_typ, val)
-        runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, compiler.module_data_u32(adr2))
-        return 4
-
-    tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(val_typ)
-    if tp_args is not None:
-        adr2 = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, val_typ, val)
-        runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, compiler.module_data_u32(adr2))
-        return 4
-
         to_write = WRITE_LOOKUP_MAP[val_typ.name](val)
         runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, to_write)
         return len(to_write)
 
-def _allocate_memory_stored_value(
+def _allocate_memory_stored_bytes(attrs: tuple[runners.RunnerBase, bytes]) -> int:
-        runner: runners.RunnerBase,
+    runner, val = attrs
-        val_typ: type3types.Type3,
+
-        val: Any
-    ) -> int:
-    if val_typ is prelude.bytes_:
     assert isinstance(val, bytes)
 
     adr = runner.call('stdlib.types.__alloc_bytes__', len(val))
@@ -183,13 +149,14 @@ def _allocate_memory_stored_value(
     runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr + 4, val)
     return adr
 
-    sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(val_typ)
+def _allocate_memory_stored_static_array(attrs: tuple[runners.RunnerBase, Any], sa_args: tuple[type3types.Type3, type3types.IntType3]) -> int:
-    if sa_args is not None:
+    runner, val = attrs
+
     assert isinstance(val, tuple)
 
     sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
 
-            alloc_size = calculate_alloc_size(val_typ)
+    alloc_size = calculate_alloc_size_static_array(False, sa_args)
     adr = runner.call('stdlib.alloc.__alloc__', alloc_size)
     assert isinstance(adr, int)
     sys.stderr.write(f'Allocation 0x{adr:08x} {repr(val)}\n')
@@ -202,13 +169,32 @@ def _allocate_memory_stored_value(
         offset += _write_memory_stored_value(runner, offset, sa_type, val_el_val)
     return adr
 
-    val_el_typ: type3types.Type3
+def _allocate_memory_stored_struct(attrs: tuple[runners.RunnerBase, Any], st_args: tuple[tuple[str, type3types.Type3], ...]) -> int:
+    runner, val = attrs
+
+    assert isinstance(val, dict)
+
+    alloc_size = calculate_alloc_size_struct(False, st_args)
+    adr = runner.call('stdlib.alloc.__alloc__', alloc_size)
+    assert isinstance(adr, int)
+    sys.stderr.write(f'Allocation 0x{adr:08x} {repr(val)}\n')
+
+    offset = adr
+    for val_el_name, val_el_typ in st_args:
+        assert val_el_name in val, f'Missing key value {val_el_name}'
+        val_el_val = val.pop(val_el_name)
+        offset += _write_memory_stored_value(runner, offset, val_el_typ, val_el_val)
+
+    assert not val, f'Additional values: {list(val)!r}'
+
+    return adr
+
+def _allocate_memory_stored_tuple(attrs: tuple[runners.RunnerBase, Any], tp_args: tuple[type3types.Type3, ...]) -> int:
+    runner, val = attrs
 
-    tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(val_typ)
-    if tp_args is not None:
     assert isinstance(val, tuple)
 
-            alloc_size = calculate_alloc_size(val_typ)
+    alloc_size = calculate_alloc_size_tuple(False, tp_args)
     adr = runner.call('stdlib.alloc.__alloc__', alloc_size)
     assert isinstance(adr, int)
     sys.stderr.write(f'Allocation 0x{adr:08x} {repr(val)}\n')
@@ -220,24 +206,11 @@ def _allocate_memory_stored_value(
         offset += _write_memory_stored_value(runner, offset, val_el_typ, val_el_val)
     return adr
 
-    st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(val_typ)
+ALLOCATE_MEMORY_STORED_ROUTER = TypeApplicationRouter[tuple[runners.RunnerBase, Any], Any]()
-    if st_args is not None:
+ALLOCATE_MEMORY_STORED_ROUTER.add_n(prelude.bytes_, _allocate_memory_stored_bytes)
-        assert isinstance(val, dict)
+ALLOCATE_MEMORY_STORED_ROUTER.add(prelude.static_array, _allocate_memory_stored_static_array)
-
+ALLOCATE_MEMORY_STORED_ROUTER.add(prelude.struct, _allocate_memory_stored_struct)
-        alloc_size = calculate_alloc_size(val_typ)
+ALLOCATE_MEMORY_STORED_ROUTER.add(prelude.tuple_, _allocate_memory_stored_tuple)
-        adr = runner.call('stdlib.alloc.__alloc__', alloc_size)
-        assert isinstance(adr, int)
-        sys.stderr.write(f'Allocation 0x{adr:08x} {repr(val)}\n')
-
-        assert list(val.keys()) == list(st_args)
-
-        offset = adr
-        for val_el_name, val_el_typ in st_args.items():
-            val_el_val = val[val_el_name]
-            offset += _write_memory_stored_value(runner, offset, val_el_typ, val_el_val)
-        return adr
-
-    raise NotImplementedError(val_typ, val)
 
 def _load_memory_stored_returned_value(
         runner: runners.RunnerBase,
@@ -285,28 +258,9 @@ def _load_memory_stored_returned_value(
         assert isinstance(wasm_value, float), wasm_value
         return wasm_value
 
-    if ret_type3 is prelude.bytes_:
     assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
 
-        return _load_bytes_from_address(runner, ret_type3, wasm_value)
+    return LOAD_FROM_ADDRESS_ROUTER((runner, wasm_value), ret_type3)
-
-    sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(ret_type3)
-    if sa_args is not None:
-            assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
-
-            return _load_static_array_from_address(runner, sa_args[0], sa_args[1], wasm_value)
-
-    tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(ret_type3)
-    if tp_args is not None:
-            assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
-
-            return _load_tuple_from_address(runner, tp_args, wasm_value)
-
-    st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(ret_type3)
-    if st_args is not None:
-        return _load_struct_from_address(runner, st_args, wasm_value)
-
-    raise NotImplementedError(ret_type3, wasm_value)
 
 def _unpack(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ: type3types.Type3, inp: bytes) -> Any:
     if typ is prelude.u8:
@@ -343,39 +297,19 @@ def _unpack(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ: type3types.Type3, inp: bytes) -> An
         assert len(inp) == 8
         return struct.unpack('<d', inp)[0]
 
-    if typ is prelude.bytes_:
-        # Note: For bytes, inp should contain a 4 byte pointer
-        assert len(inp) == 4
-        adr = struct.unpack('<I', inp)[0]
-
-        return _load_bytes_from_address(runner, typ, adr)
-
     if (prelude.InternalPassAsPointer, (typ, )) in prelude.PRELUDE_TYPE_CLASS_INSTANCES_EXISTING:
         # Note: For applied types, inp should contain a 4 byte pointer
         assert len(inp) == 4
         adr = struct.unpack('<I', inp)[0]
 
-        sa_args = prelude.static_array.did_construct(typ)
+        return LOAD_FROM_ADDRESS_ROUTER((runner, adr), typ)
-        if sa_args is not None:
-            sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
-            return _load_static_array_from_address(runner, sa_type, sa_len, adr)
-
-        tp_args = prelude.tuple_.did_construct(typ)
-        if tp_args is not None:
-              return _load_tuple_from_address(runner, tp_args, adr)
-
-        st_args = prelude.struct.did_construct(typ)
-        if st_args is not None:
-            # Note: For structs, inp should contain a 4 byte pointer
-            assert len(inp) == 4
-            adr = struct.unpack('<I', inp)[0]
-
-            return _load_struct_from_address(runner, st_args, adr)
 
     raise NotImplementedError(typ, inp)
 
-def _load_bytes_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ: type3types.Type3, adr: int) -> bytes:
+def _load_bytes_from_address(attrs: tuple[runners.RunnerBase, int]) -> bytes:
-    sys.stderr.write(f'Reading 0x{adr:08x} {typ:s}\n')
+    runner, adr = attrs
+
+    sys.stderr.write(f'Reading 0x{adr:08x} bytes\n')
     read_bytes = runner.interpreter_read_memory(adr, 4)
     bytes_len,  = struct.unpack('<I', read_bytes)
 
@@ -388,7 +322,10 @@ def _split_read_bytes(all_bytes: bytes, split_sizes: Iterable[int]) -> Generator
         yield all_bytes[offset:offset + size]
         offset += size
 
-def _load_static_array_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, sub_typ: type3types.Type3, len_typ: type3types.IntType3, adr: int) -> Any:
+def _load_static_array_from_address(attrs: tuple[runners.RunnerBase, int], sa_args: tuple[type3types.Type3, type3types.IntType3]) -> Any:
+    runner, adr = attrs
+    sub_typ, len_typ = sa_args
+
     sys.stderr.write(f'Reading 0x{adr:08x} {sub_typ:s} {len_typ:s}\n')
 
     sa_len = len_typ.value
@@ -403,37 +340,42 @@ def _load_static_array_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, sub_typ: type3ty
         for arg_bytes in _split_read_bytes(read_bytes, arg_sizes)
     )
 
-def _load_tuple_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ_args: tuple[type3types.Type3, ...], adr: int) -> Any:
+def _load_struct_from_address(attrs: tuple[runners.RunnerBase, int], st_args: tuple[tuple[str, type3types.Type3], ...]) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    sys.stderr.write(f'Reading 0x{adr:08x} tuple {len(typ_args)}\n')
+    runner, adr = attrs
 
-    arg_sizes = [
-        calculate_alloc_size(x, is_member=True)
-        for x in typ_args
-    ]
-
-    read_bytes = runner.interpreter_read_memory(adr, sum(arg_sizes))
-
-    return tuple(
-        _unpack(runner, arg_typ, arg_bytes)
-        for arg_typ, arg_bytes in zip(typ_args, _split_read_bytes(read_bytes, arg_sizes), strict=True)
-    )
-
-def _load_struct_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, st_args: dict[str, type3types.Type3], adr: int) -> Any:
     sys.stderr.write(f'Reading 0x{adr:08x} struct {list(st_args)}\n')
 
-    name_list = list(st_args)
-
-    typ_list = list(st_args.values())
-    assert len(typ_list) == len(st_args)
-
     arg_sizes = [
         calculate_alloc_size(x, is_member=True)
-        for x in typ_list
+        for _, x in st_args
     ]
 
     read_bytes = runner.interpreter_read_memory(adr, sum(arg_sizes))
 
     return {
         arg_name: _unpack(runner, arg_typ, arg_bytes)
-        for arg_name, arg_typ, arg_bytes in zip(name_list, typ_list, _split_read_bytes(read_bytes, arg_sizes), strict=True)
+        for (arg_name, arg_typ, ), arg_bytes in zip(st_args, _split_read_bytes(read_bytes, arg_sizes), strict=True)
     }
+
+def _load_tuple_from_address(attrs: tuple[runners.RunnerBase, int], tp_args: tuple[type3types.Type3, ...]) -> Any:
+    runner, adr = attrs
+
+    sys.stderr.write(f'Reading 0x{adr:08x} tuple {len(tp_args)}\n')
+
+    arg_sizes = [
+        calculate_alloc_size(x, is_member=True)
+        for x in tp_args
+    ]
+
+    read_bytes = runner.interpreter_read_memory(adr, sum(arg_sizes))
+
+    return tuple(
+        _unpack(runner, arg_typ, arg_bytes)
+        for arg_typ, arg_bytes in zip(tp_args, _split_read_bytes(read_bytes, arg_sizes), strict=True)
+    )
+
+LOAD_FROM_ADDRESS_ROUTER = TypeApplicationRouter[tuple[runners.RunnerBase, int], Any]()
+LOAD_FROM_ADDRESS_ROUTER.add_n(prelude.bytes_, _load_bytes_from_address)
+LOAD_FROM_ADDRESS_ROUTER.add(prelude.static_array, _load_static_array_from_address)
+LOAD_FROM_ADDRESS_ROUTER.add(prelude.struct, _load_struct_from_address)
+LOAD_FROM_ADDRESS_ROUTER.add(prelude.tuple_, _load_tuple_from_address)

tests/integration/test_lang/test_bytes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import pytest
+
+from ..helpers import Suite
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_bytes_export_constant():
+    code_py = """
+CONSTANT: bytes = b'Hello'
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> bytes:
+    return CONSTANT
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert b"Hello" == result.returned_value
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_bytes_export_instantiation():
+    code_py = """
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> bytes:
+    return b'Hello'
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert b"Hello" == result.returned_value

tests/integration/test_lang/test_foldable.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import pytest
+
+from phasm.type3.entry import Type3Exception
+
+from ..helpers import Suite
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_foldable_sum():
+    code_py = """
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: i32[5]) -> i32:
+    return sum(x)
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code((4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ))
+
+    assert 30 == result.returned_value
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_foldable_sum_not_natnum():
+    code_py = """
+class Foo:
+    bar: i32
+
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: Foo[4]) -> Foo:
+    return sum(x)
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Missing type class instantation: NatNum Foo'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_foldable_invalid_return_type():
+    code_py = """
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: i32[5]) -> f64:
+    return sum(x)
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='f64 must be i32 instead'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code((4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ))
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_foldable_not_foldable():
+    code_py = """
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: i32) -> i32:
+    return sum(x)
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Missing type class instantation: Foldable i32'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code()

tests/integration/test_lang/test_static_array.py

@@ -30,3 +30,29 @@ def testEntry() -> i32:
 
     with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Member count mismatch'):
         Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_static_array_export_constant():
+    code_py = """
+CONSTANT: u8[3] = (1, 2, 3, )
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> u8[3]:
+    return CONSTANT
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert (1, 2, 3) == result.returned_value
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_static_array_export_instantiation():
+    code_py = """
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> u8[3]:
+    return (1, 2, 3, )
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert (1, 2, 3) == result.returned_value

tests/integration/test_lang/test_struct.py

@@ -112,3 +112,35 @@ def testEntry(x: u8) -> u8:
 
     with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='u8 is not struct'):
         Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_struct_export_constant():
+    code_py = """
+class CheckedValue:
+    value: i32
+
+CONSTANT: CheckedValue = CheckedValue(32)
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> CheckedValue:
+    return CONSTANT
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert {"value": 32} == result.returned_value
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_struct_export_instantiation():
+    code_py = """
+class CheckedValue:
+    value: i32
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> CheckedValue:
+    return CheckedValue(32)
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert {"value": 32} == result.returned_value

tests/integration/test_lang/test_subscriptable.py

@@ -23,6 +23,23 @@ def testEntry(f: {type_}) -> u8:
 
     assert exp_result == result.returned_value
 
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('type_, in_put, exp_result', [
+    ('(u8, u8, u8, )', (45, 46, 47), 47, ),
+    ('u8[5]', (45, 46, 47, 48, 49), 47, ),
+    ('bytes', b'This is a test', 105)
+])
+def test_subscript_2(type_, in_put, exp_result):
+    code_py = f"""
+@exported
+def testEntry(f: {type_}) -> u8:
+    return f[2]
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code(in_put)
+
+    assert exp_result == result.returned_value
+
 @pytest.mark.integration_test
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('type_, in_put, exp_result', [
     ('(u8, u8, )', (45, 46), 45, ),

tests/integration/test_lang/test_tuple.py

@@ -70,3 +70,29 @@ CONSTANT: (u32, u8, u8, ) = (24, 4000, 1, )
 
     with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match=r'Must fit in 1 byte\(s\)'):
         Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_tuple_export_constant():
+    code_py = """
+CONSTANT: (u32, u8, u8, ) = (4000, 20, 20, )
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> (u32, u8, u8, ):
+    return CONSTANT
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert (4000, 20, 20, ) == result.returned_value
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_tuple_export_instantiation():
+    code_py = """
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> (u32, u8, u8, ):
+    return (4000, 20, 20, )
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+    assert (4000, 20, 20, ) == result.returned_value