Merge pull request 'Changes AppliedType to TypeConstructor' (#7) from replace-applied-type-by-type-constructors into master

Reviewed-on: #7

TODO.md

@@ -14,21 +14,19 @@
 - Functions don't seem to be a thing on typing level yet?
 - static_array and tuple should probably not be PrimitiveType3, but instead subclass AppliedType3?
 - See if we want to replace Fractional with Real, and add Rational, Irrationl, Algebraic, Transendental
+- Does Subscript do what we want? It's a language feature rather a normal typed thing. How would you implement your own Subscript-able type?
+- Have a set of rules or guidelines for the constraint comments, they're messy.
 
-- test_bitwise_or_inv_type
-- test_bytes_index_out_of_bounds vs static trap(?)
-- test_num.py is probably best as part of the generator?
 - Find pytest.mark.skip
 - There's a weird resolve_as reference in calculate_alloc_size
   - Either there should be more of them or less
   - At first glance, looks like failure in the typing system
   - Related to the FIXME in phasm_type3?
+  - Related: Parser is putting stuff in ModuleDataBlock
 - WEBASSEMBLY_BUILTIN_BYTES_OPS is special cased
   - Should be part of a prelude (?)
   - In Haskell this is not a type class
 - Casting is not implemented except u32 which is special cased
-- Parser is putting stuff in ModuleDataBlock
-  - Compiler should probably do that
 - Make prelude more an actual thing
   - Merge in type3types.LOOKUP_TABLE
 - Implemented Bounded: https://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.21.0.0/docs/Prelude.html#t:Bounded
@@ -36,3 +34,8 @@
 - Filter out methods that aren't used; other the other way around (easier?) only add __ methods when needed
 - Move UnaryOp.operator into type class methods
 - Move foldr into type class methods
+- PrimitiveType is just the type, nothing primitive about it (change the name). u32 are still basic types or something.
+- Clean up Subscript implementation - it's half implemented in the compiler. Makes more sense to move more parts to stdlib_types.
+- Type constuctor should also be able to constuct placeholders - somehow.
+- Make struct a type constructor?
+- Add InternalPassAsPointer to Struct?

phasm/codestyle.py

@@ -27,21 +27,6 @@ def type3(inp: Type3OrPlaceholder) -> str:
     if inp is type3types.none:
         return 'None'
 
-    if isinstance(inp, type3types.AppliedType3):
-        if inp.base == type3types.tuple:
-            return '(' + ', '.join(
-                type3(x)
-                for x in inp.args
-                if isinstance(x, Type3) # Skip ints, not allowed here anyhow
-            ) + ', )'
-
-        if inp.base == type3types.static_array:
-            assert 2 == len(inp.args)
-            assert isinstance(inp.args[0], Type3), TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
-            assert isinstance(inp.args[1], type3types.IntType3), TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
-
-            return type3(inp.args[0]) + '[' + inp.args[1].name + ']'
-
     return inp.name
 
 def struct_definition(inp: ourlang.StructDefinition) -> str:

phasm/compiler.py

@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ def type3(inp: type3types.Type3OrPlaceholder) -> wasm.WasmType:
     if inp == type3types.f64:
         return wasm.WasmTypeFloat64()
 
-    if inp == type3types.bytes:
+    if inp == type3types.bytes_:
         # bytes are passed as pointer
         # And pointers are i32
         return wasm.WasmTypeInt32()
@@ -295,14 +295,8 @@ def type3(inp: type3types.Type3OrPlaceholder) -> wasm.WasmType:
         # Structs are passed as pointer, which are i32
         return wasm.WasmTypeInt32()
 
-    if isinstance(inp, type3types.AppliedType3):
-        if inp.base == type3types.static_array:
-            # Static Arrays are passed as pointer, which are i32
-            return wasm.WasmTypeInt32()
-
-        if inp.base == type3types.tuple:
-            # Tuples are passed as pointer, which are i32
-            return wasm.WasmTypeInt32()
+    if type3classes.InternalPassAsPointer in inp.classes:
+        return wasm.WasmTypeInt32()
 
     raise NotImplementedError(type3, inp)
 
@@ -310,9 +304,21 @@ def tuple_instantiation(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.TupleInstantiation) ->
     """
     Compile: Instantiation (allocation) of a tuple
     """
-    assert isinstance(inp.type3, type3types.AppliedType3)
-    assert inp.type3.base is type3types.tuple
-    assert len(inp.elements) == len(inp.type3.args)
+    assert isinstance(inp.type3, type3types.PrimitiveType3)
+
+    args: list[type3types.PrimitiveType3] = []
+
+    sa_args = type3types.static_array.did_construct(inp.type3)
+    if sa_args is not None:
+        sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
+        args = [sa_type for _ in range(sa_len.value)]
+
+    if not args:
+        tp_args = type3types.tuple_.did_construct(inp.type3)
+        if tp_args is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        args = list(tp_args)
 
     comment_elements = ''
     for element in inp.elements:
@@ -329,14 +335,17 @@ def tuple_instantiation(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.TupleInstantiation) ->
 
     # Store each element individually
     offset = 0
-    for element, exp_type3 in zip(inp.elements, inp.type3.args):
+    for element, exp_type3 in zip(inp.elements, args):
         if isinstance(exp_type3, type3types.PlaceholderForType):
             assert exp_type3.resolve_as is not None
+            assert isinstance(exp_type3.resolve_as, type3types.PrimitiveType3)
             exp_type3 = exp_type3.resolve_as
 
         assert element.type3 == exp_type3
 
-        if isinstance(exp_type3, type3types.StructType3) or isinstance(exp_type3, type3types.AppliedType3):
+        if type3classes.InternalPassAsPointer in exp_type3.classes:
+            mtyp = 'i32'
+        elif isinstance(exp_type3, type3types.StructType3):
             mtyp = 'i32'
         else:
             assert isinstance(exp_type3, type3types.PrimitiveType3), NotImplementedError('Tuple of applied types / structs')
@@ -357,6 +366,10 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
     """
     Compile: Any expression
     """
+    if isinstance(inp, (ourlang.ConstantStruct, ourlang.ConstantTuple, )):
+        # These are implemented elsewhere
+        raise Exception
+
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive):
         assert isinstance(inp.type3, type3types.Type3), type3types.TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
 
@@ -401,11 +414,16 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
         if isinstance(inp.variable, ourlang.ModuleConstantDef):
             assert isinstance(inp.type3, type3types.Type3), type3types.TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
 
-            if isinstance(inp.type3, type3types.PrimitiveType3):
-                expression(wgn, inp.variable.constant)
+            if type3classes.InternalPassAsPointer in inp.type3.classes:
+                # FIXME: Artifact from older version
+                assert isinstance(inp.variable.constant, ourlang.ConstantTuple)
+
+                address = inp.variable.constant.data_block.address
+                assert address is not None, 'Value not allocated'
+                wgn.i32.const(address)
                 return
 
-            if inp.type3 is type3types.bytes:
+            if inp.type3 is type3types.bytes_:
                 assert isinstance(inp.variable.constant, ourlang.ConstantBytes)
 
                 address = inp.variable.constant.data_block.address
@@ -421,24 +439,9 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
                 wgn.i32.const(address)
                 return
 
-            if isinstance(inp.type3, type3types.AppliedType3):
-                if inp.type3.base == type3types.static_array:
-                    assert isinstance(inp.variable.constant, ourlang.ConstantTuple)
-
-                    address = inp.variable.constant.data_block.address
-                    assert address is not None, 'Value not allocated'
-                    wgn.i32.const(address)
-                    return
-
-                if inp.type3.base == type3types.tuple:
-                    assert isinstance(inp.variable.constant, ourlang.ConstantTuple)
-
-                    address = inp.variable.constant.data_block.address
-                    assert address is not None, 'Value not allocated'
-                    wgn.i32.const(address)
-                    return
-
-                raise NotImplementedError(expression, inp.variable, inp.type3.base)
+            if isinstance(inp.type3, type3types.PrimitiveType3):
+                expression(wgn, inp.variable.constant)
+                return
 
             raise NotImplementedError(expression, inp)
 
@@ -479,7 +482,7 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
 
         if inp.type3 == type3types.u32:
             if inp.operator == 'len':
-                if inp.right.type3 == type3types.bytes:
+                if inp.right.type3 == type3types.bytes_:
                     wgn.i32.load()
                     return
 
@@ -528,19 +531,17 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.Subscript):
         assert isinstance(inp.varref.type3, type3types.Type3), type3types.TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
 
-        if inp.varref.type3 is type3types.bytes:
+        if inp.varref.type3 is type3types.bytes_:
             expression(wgn, inp.varref)
             expression(wgn, inp.index)
             wgn.call(stdlib_types.__subscript_bytes__)
             return
 
-        if isinstance(inp.varref.type3, type3types.AppliedType3):
-            if inp.varref.type3.base == type3types.static_array:
-                assert 2 == len(inp.varref.type3.args)
-                el_type = inp.varref.type3.args[0]
-                assert isinstance(el_type, type3types.Type3)
-                el_len = inp.varref.type3.args[1]
-                assert isinstance(el_len, type3types.IntType3)
+        assert isinstance(inp.varref.type3, type3types.PrimitiveType3)
+
+        sa_args = type3types.static_array.did_construct(inp.varref.type3)
+        if sa_args is not None:
+                el_type, el_len = sa_args
 
                 # OPTIMIZE: If index is a constant, we can use offset instead of multiply
                 # and we don't need to do the out of bounds check
@@ -568,24 +569,24 @@ def expression(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> None:
                 wgn.add_statement(f'{mtyp}.load')
                 return
 
-            if inp.varref.type3.base == type3types.tuple:
+        tp_args = type3types.tuple_.did_construct(inp.varref.type3)
+        if tp_args is not None:
                 assert isinstance(inp.index, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive)
                 assert isinstance(inp.index.value, int)
 
                 offset = 0
-                for el_type in inp.varref.type3.args[0:inp.index.value]:
+                for el_type in tp_args[0:inp.index.value]:
                     assert isinstance(el_type, type3types.Type3), type3types.TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
                     offset += calculate_alloc_size(el_type)
 
-                # This doubles as the out of bounds check
-                el_type = inp.varref.type3.args[inp.index.value]
+                el_type = tp_args[inp.index.value]
                 assert isinstance(el_type, type3types.Type3), type3types.TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
 
                 expression(wgn, inp.varref)
 
                 if isinstance(el_type, type3types.StructType3):
                     mtyp = 'i32'
-                elif isinstance(el_type, type3types.AppliedType3) and el_type.base is type3types.tuple:
+                elif type3classes.InternalPassAsPointer in el_type.classes:
                     mtyp = 'i32'
                 else:
                     assert isinstance(el_type, type3types.PrimitiveType3), NotImplementedError('Tuple of applied types / structs')
@@ -618,7 +619,7 @@ def expression_fold(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.Fold) -> None:
     """
     assert isinstance(inp.type3, type3types.Type3), type3types.TYPE3_ASSERTION_ERROR
 
-    if inp.iter.type3 is not type3types.bytes:
+    if inp.iter.type3 is not type3types.bytes_:
         raise NotImplementedError(expression_fold, inp, inp.iter.type3)
 
     wgn.add_statement('nop', comment='acu :: u8')
@@ -906,7 +907,7 @@ def module_data(inp: ourlang.ModuleData) -> bytes:
                 data_list.append(module_data_f64(constant.value))
                 continue
 
-            if constant.type3 == type3types.bytes:
+            if constant.type3 == type3types.bytes_:
                 assert isinstance(constant, ourlang.ConstantBytes)
                 assert isinstance(constant.value, bytes)
                 data_list.append(module_data_u32(len(constant.value)))
@@ -987,7 +988,9 @@ def _generate_struct_constructor(wgn: WasmGenerator, inp: ourlang.StructConstruc
     # Store each member individually
     for memname, mtyp3 in inp.struct_type3.members.items():
         mtyp: Optional[str]
-        if isinstance(mtyp3, type3types.StructType3) or isinstance(mtyp3, type3types.AppliedType3):
+        if type3classes.InternalPassAsPointer in mtyp3.classes:
+            mtyp = 'i32'
+        elif isinstance(mtyp3, type3types.StructType3):
             mtyp = 'i32'
         else:
             mtyp = LOAD_STORE_TYPE_MAP.get(mtyp3.name)

phasm/ourlang.py

@@ -275,6 +275,9 @@ class StatementReturn(Statement):
     def __init__(self, value: Expression) -> None:
         self.value = value
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'StatementReturn({repr(self.value)})'
+
 class StatementIf(Statement):
     """
     An if statement within a function

phasm/parser.py

@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ class OurVisitor:
 
         raise NotImplementedError(f'{node.value} as constant')
 
-    def visit_type(self, module: Module, node: ast.expr) -> type3types.Type3:
+    def visit_type(self, module: Module, node: ast.expr) -> type3types.PrimitiveType3:
         if isinstance(node, ast.Constant):
             if node.value is None:
                 return type3types.none
@@ -693,18 +693,17 @@ class OurVisitor:
             if not isinstance(node.ctx, ast.Load):
                 _raise_static_error(node, 'Must be load context')
 
-            return type3types.AppliedType3(
-                type3types.static_array,
-                [self.visit_type(module, node.value), type3types.IntType3(node.slice.value)],
+            return type3types.static_array(
+                self.visit_type(module, node.value),
+                type3types.IntType3(node.slice.value),
             )
 
         if isinstance(node, ast.Tuple):
             if not isinstance(node.ctx, ast.Load):
                 _raise_static_error(node, 'Must be load context')
 
-            return type3types.AppliedType3(
-                type3types.tuple,
-                (self.visit_type(module, elt) for elt in node.elts)
+            return type3types.tuple_(
+                *(self.visit_type(module, elt) for elt in node.elts)
             )
 
         raise NotImplementedError(f'{node} as type')

phasm/runtime.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ def calculate_alloc_size(typ: type3types.Type3, is_member: bool = False) -> int:
     if typ in (type3types.u64, type3types.i64, type3types.f64, ):
         return 8
 
-    if typ == type3types.bytes:
+    if typ == type3types.bytes_:
         if is_member:
             return 4
 
@@ -27,28 +27,30 @@ def calculate_alloc_size(typ: type3types.Type3, is_member: bool = False) -> int:
             for x in typ.members.values()
         )
 
-    if isinstance(typ, type3types.AppliedType3):
-        if typ.base is type3types.static_array:
+    assert isinstance(typ, type3types.PrimitiveType3)
+
+    sa_args = type3types.static_array.did_construct(typ)
+    if sa_args is not None:
             if is_member:
                 # tuples referred to by other structs or tuples are pointers
                 return 4
 
-            assert isinstance(typ.args[0], type3types.Type3)
-            assert isinstance(typ.args[1], type3types.IntType3)
+            sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
 
-            return typ.args[1].value * calculate_alloc_size(typ.args[0], is_member=True)
+            return sa_len.value * calculate_alloc_size(sa_type, is_member=True)
 
-        if typ.base is type3types.tuple:
+    tp_args = type3types.tuple_.did_construct(typ)
+    if tp_args is not None:
             if is_member:
                 # tuples referred to by other structs or tuples are pointers
                 return 4
 
             size = 0
-            for arg in typ.args:
+            for arg in tp_args:
                 assert not isinstance(arg, type3types.IntType3)
 
                 if isinstance(arg, type3types.PlaceholderForType):
-                    assert arg.resolve_as is not None
+                    assert isinstance(arg.resolve_as, type3types.PrimitiveType3)
                     arg = arg.resolve_as
 
                 size += calculate_alloc_size(arg, is_member=True)

phasm/stdlib/types.py

@@ -48,21 +48,20 @@ def __subscript_bytes__(g: Generator, adr: i32, ofs: i32) -> i32:
     g.local.get(ofs)
     g.local.get(adr)
     g.i32.load()
-    g.i32.lt_u()
+    g.i32.ge_u()
 
     with g.if_():
-        # The offset is less than the length
+        # The offset is outside the allocated bytes
+        g.unreachable(comment='Out of bounds')
 
-        g.local.get(adr)
-        g.i32.const(4) # Bytes header
-        g.i32.add()
-        g.local.get(ofs)
-        g.i32.add()
-        g.i32.load8_u()
-        g.return_()
+    # The offset is less than the length
 
-    # The offset is outside the allocated bytes
-    g.i32.const(0)
+    g.local.get(adr)
+    g.i32.const(4) # Bytes header
+    g.i32.add()
+    g.local.get(ofs)
+    g.i32.add()
+    g.i32.load8_u()
     g.return_()
 
     return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy

phasm/type3/constraints.py

@@ -112,10 +112,6 @@ class SameTypeConstraint(ConstraintBase):
                 known_types.append(typ)
                 continue
 
-            if isinstance(typ, types.AppliedType3):
-                known_types.append(typ)
-                continue
-
             if isinstance(typ, types.PlaceholderForType):
                 if typ.resolve_as is not None:
                     known_types.append(typ.resolve_as)
@@ -132,38 +128,6 @@ class SameTypeConstraint(ConstraintBase):
 
         first_type = known_types[0]
         for typ in known_types[1:]:
-            if isinstance(first_type, types.AppliedType3) and isinstance(typ, types.AppliedType3):
-                if first_type.base is types.tuple and typ.base is types.static_array:
-                    # Swap so we can reuse the code below
-                    # Hope that it still gives proper type errors
-                    first_type, typ = typ, first_type
-
-                if first_type.base is types.static_array and typ.base is types.tuple:
-                    assert isinstance(first_type.args[1], types.IntType3)
-                    length = first_type.args[1].value
-
-                    if len(typ.args) != length:
-                        return Error('Mismatch between applied types argument count', comment=self.comment)
-
-                    for typ_arg in typ.args:
-                        new_constraint_list.append(SameTypeConstraint(
-                            first_type.args[0], typ_arg
-                        ))
-                    continue
-
-                if first_type.base != typ.base:
-                    return Error('Mismatch between applied types base', comment=self.comment)
-
-                if len(first_type.args) != len(typ.args):
-                    return Error('Mismatch between applied types argument count', comment=self.comment)
-
-                for first_type_arg, typ_arg in zip(first_type.args, typ.args):
-                    new_constraint_list.append(SameTypeConstraint(
-                        first_type_arg, typ_arg
-                    ))
-
-                continue
-
             if typ != first_type:
                 return Error(f'{typ:s} must be {first_type:s} instead', comment=self.comment)
 
@@ -198,45 +162,46 @@ class SameTypeConstraint(ConstraintBase):
 
         return f'SameTypeConstraint({args}, comment={repr(self.comment)})'
 
-class IntegerCompareConstraint(ConstraintBase):
-    """
-    Verifies that the given IntType3 are in order (<=)
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('int_type3_list', )
-
-    int_type3_list: List[types.IntType3]
-
-    def __init__(self, *int_type3: types.IntType3, comment: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+class TupleMatchConstraint(ConstraintBase):
+    def __init__(self, exp_type: types.Type3OrPlaceholder, args: List[types.Type3OrPlaceholder], comment: str):
         super().__init__(comment=comment)
 
-        assert len(int_type3) > 1
-        self.int_type3_list = [*int_type3]
+        self.exp_type = exp_type
+        self.args = list(args)
 
     def check(self) -> CheckResult:
-        val_list = [x.value for x in self.int_type3_list]
+        exp_type = self.exp_type
+        if isinstance(exp_type, types.PlaceholderForType):
+            if exp_type.resolve_as is None:
+                return RequireTypeSubstitutes()
 
-        prev_val = val_list.pop(0)
-        for next_val in val_list:
-            if prev_val > next_val:
-                return Error(f'{prev_val} must be less or equal than {next_val}')
+            exp_type = exp_type.resolve_as
 
-            prev_val = next_val
+        assert isinstance(exp_type, types.PrimitiveType3)
 
-        return None
+        sa_args = types.static_array.did_construct(exp_type)
+        if sa_args is not None:
+            sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
 
-    def human_readable(self) -> HumanReadableRet:
-        return (
-            ' <= '.join('{t' + str(idx) + '}' for idx in range(len(self.int_type3_list))),
-            {
-                't' + str(idx): typ
-                for idx, typ in enumerate(self.int_type3_list)
-            },
-        )
+            if sa_len.value != len(self.args):
+                return Error('Mismatch between applied types argument count', comment=self.comment)
 
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        args = ', '.join(repr(x) for x in self.int_type3_list)
+            return [
+                SameTypeConstraint(arg, sa_type)
+                for arg in self.args
+            ]
 
-        return f'IntegerCompareConstraint({args}, comment={repr(self.comment)})'
+        tp_args = types.tuple_.did_construct(exp_type)
+        if tp_args is not None:
+            if len(tp_args) != len(self.args):
+                return Error('Mismatch between applied types argument count', comment=self.comment)
+
+            return [
+                SameTypeConstraint(arg, oth_arg)
+                for arg, oth_arg in zip(self.args, tp_args)
+            ]
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(exp_type)
 
 class CastableConstraint(ConstraintBase):
     """
@@ -292,14 +257,7 @@ class MustImplementTypeClassConstraint(ConstraintBase):
     type3: types.Type3OrPlaceholder
 
     DATA = {
-        'u8': {'BitWiseOperation', 'EqualComparison', 'StrictPartialOrder'},
-        'u32': {'BitWiseOperation', 'EqualComparison', 'StrictPartialOrder'},
-        'u64': {'BitWiseOperation', 'EqualComparison', 'StrictPartialOrder'},
-        'i32': {'EqualComparison', 'StrictPartialOrder'},
-        'i64': {'EqualComparison', 'StrictPartialOrder'},
         'bytes': {'Foldable', 'Sized'},
-        'f32': {'Fractional', 'FloatingPoint'},
-        'f64': {'Fractional', 'FloatingPoint'},
     }
 
     def __init__(self, type_class3: Union[str, typeclasses.Type3Class], type3: types.Type3OrPlaceholder, comment: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
@@ -401,7 +359,7 @@ class LiteralFitsConstraint(ConstraintBase):
 
             return Error('Must be real', comment=self.comment) # FIXME: Add line information
 
-        if self.type3 is types.bytes:
+        if self.type3 is types.bytes_:
             if isinstance(self.literal.value, bytes):
                 return None
 
@@ -409,45 +367,47 @@ class LiteralFitsConstraint(ConstraintBase):
 
         res: NewConstraintList
 
-        if isinstance(self.type3, types.AppliedType3):
-            if self.type3.base == types.tuple:
+        assert isinstance(self.type3, types.PrimitiveType3)
+
+        tp_args = types.tuple_.did_construct(self.type3)
+        if tp_args is not None:
                 if not isinstance(self.literal, ourlang.ConstantTuple):
                     return Error('Must be tuple', comment=self.comment)
 
-                if len(self.type3.args) != len(self.literal.value):
+                if len(tp_args) != len(self.literal.value):
                     return Error('Tuple element count mismatch', comment=self.comment)
 
                 res = []
 
                 res.extend(
                     LiteralFitsConstraint(x, y)
-                    for x, y in zip(self.type3.args, self.literal.value)
+                    for x, y in zip(tp_args, self.literal.value)
                 )
                 res.extend(
                     SameTypeConstraint(x, y.type3)
-                    for x, y in zip(self.type3.args, self.literal.value)
+                    for x, y in zip(tp_args, self.literal.value)
                 )
 
                 return res
 
-            if self.type3.base == types.static_array:
+        sa_args = types.static_array.did_construct(self.type3)
+        if sa_args is not None:
                 if not isinstance(self.literal, ourlang.ConstantTuple):
                     return Error('Must be tuple', comment=self.comment)
 
-                assert 2 == len(self.type3.args)
-                assert isinstance(self.type3.args[1], types.IntType3)
+                sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
 
-                if self.type3.args[1].value != len(self.literal.value):
+                if sa_len.value != len(self.literal.value):
                     return Error('Member count mismatch', comment=self.comment)
 
                 res = []
 
                 res.extend(
-                    LiteralFitsConstraint(self.type3.args[0], y)
+                    LiteralFitsConstraint(sa_type, y)
                     for y in self.literal.value
                 )
                 res.extend(
-                    SameTypeConstraint(self.type3.args[0], y.type3)
+                    SameTypeConstraint(sa_type, y.type3)
                     for y in self.literal.value
                 )
 
@@ -511,57 +471,58 @@ class CanBeSubscriptedConstraint(ConstraintBase):
         self.index_type3 = index.type3
 
     def check(self) -> CheckResult:
-        if isinstance(self.type3, types.PlaceholderForType):
-            if self.type3.resolve_as is None:
+        exp_type = self.type3
+        if isinstance(exp_type, types.PlaceholderForType):
+            if exp_type.resolve_as is None:
                 return RequireTypeSubstitutes()
 
-            self.type3 = self.type3.resolve_as
+            exp_type = exp_type.resolve_as
+
+        assert isinstance(exp_type, types.PrimitiveType3)
+
+        sa_args = types.static_array.did_construct(exp_type)
+        if sa_args is not None:
+                sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
 
-        if isinstance(self.type3, types.AppliedType3):
-            if self.type3.base == types.static_array:
                 result: List[ConstraintBase] = [
                     SameTypeConstraint(types.u32, self.index_type3, comment='([]) :: Subscriptable a => a b -> u32 -> b'),
-                    SameTypeConstraint(self.type3.args[0], self.ret_type3, comment='([]) :: Subscriptable a => a b -> u32 -> b'),
+                    SameTypeConstraint(sa_type, self.ret_type3, comment='([]) :: Subscriptable a => a b -> u32 -> b'),
                 ]
 
                 if isinstance(self.index, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive):
                     assert isinstance(self.index.value, int)
-                    assert isinstance(self.type3.args[1], types.IntType3)
 
-                    result.append(
-                        IntegerCompareConstraint(
-                            types.IntType3(0), types.IntType3(self.index.value), types.IntType3(self.type3.args[1].value - 1),
-                            comment='Subscript static array must fit the size of the array'
-                        )
-                    )
+                    if self.index.value < 0 or sa_len.value <= self.index.value:
+                        return Error('Tuple index out of range')
 
                 return result
 
-            if self.type3.base == types.tuple:
+        # We special case tuples to allow for ease of use to the programmer
+        # e.g. rather than having to do `fst a` and `snd a` and only have to-sized tuples
+        # we use a[0] and a[1] and allow for a[2] and on.
+        tp_args = types.tuple_.did_construct(exp_type)
+        if tp_args is not None:
                 if not isinstance(self.index, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive):
                     return Error('Must index with literal')
 
                 if not isinstance(self.index.value, int):
                     return Error('Must index with integer literal')
 
-                if self.index.value < 0 or len(self.type3.args) <= self.index.value:
+                if self.index.value < 0 or len(tp_args) <= self.index.value:
                     return Error('Tuple index out of range')
 
                 return [
                     SameTypeConstraint(types.u32, self.index_type3, comment=f'Tuple subscript index {self.index.value}'),
-                    SameTypeConstraint(self.type3.args[self.index.value], self.ret_type3, comment=f'Tuple subscript index {self.index.value}'),
+                    SameTypeConstraint(tp_args[self.index.value], self.ret_type3, comment=f'Tuple subscript index {self.index.value}'),
                 ]
 
-        if self.type3 is types.bytes:
+        if exp_type is types.bytes_:
             return [
                 SameTypeConstraint(types.u32, self.index_type3, comment='([]) :: bytes -> u32 -> u8'),
                 SameTypeConstraint(types.u8, self.ret_type3, comment='([]) :: bytes -> u32 -> u8'),
             ]
 
-        if self.type3.name in types.LOOKUP_TABLE:
-            return Error(f'{self.type3.name} cannot be subscripted')
-
-        raise NotImplementedError(self.type3)
+        return Error(f'{exp_type.name} cannot be subscripted')
 
     def human_readable(self) -> HumanReadableRet:
         return (

phasm/type3/constraintsgenerator.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from .constraints import (
     LiteralFitsConstraint,
     MustImplementTypeClassConstraint,
     SameTypeConstraint,
+    TupleMatchConstraint,
 )
 
 ConstraintGenerator = Generator[ConstraintBase, None, None]
@@ -142,9 +143,9 @@ def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression) -> ConstraintGenerator:
             yield from expression(ctx, arg)
             r_type.append(arg.type3)
 
-        yield SameTypeConstraint(
+        yield TupleMatchConstraint(
             inp.type3,
-            type3types.AppliedType3(type3types.tuple, r_type),
+            r_type,
             comment='The type of a tuple is a combination of its members'
         )
 

phasm/type3/entry.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from .constraints import (
 )
 from .constraintsgenerator import phasm_type3_generate_constraints
 from .types import (
-    AppliedType3,
     IntType3,
     PlaceholderForType,
     PrimitiveType3,
@@ -153,14 +152,6 @@ def get_printable_type_name(inp: Type3OrPlaceholder, placeholder_id_map: Dict[in
             placeholder_id_map[placeholder_id] = 'T' + str(len(placeholder_id_map) + 1)
         return placeholder_id_map[placeholder_id]
 
-    if isinstance(inp, AppliedType3):
-        return (
-            get_printable_type_name(inp.base, placeholder_id_map)
-            + ' ('
-            + ') ('.join(get_printable_type_name(x, placeholder_id_map) for x in inp.args)
-            + ')'
-        )
-
     raise NotImplementedError(inp)
 
 def print_constraint_list(placeholder_id_map: Dict[int, str], constraint_list: List[ConstraintBase], placeholder_substitutes: SubstitutionMap) -> None:

phasm/type3/typeclasses.py

@@ -93,6 +93,8 @@ class Type3Class:
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return self.name
 
+InternalPassAsPointer = Type3Class('InternalPassAsPointer', ['a'], methods={}, operators={})
+
 Eq = Type3Class('Eq', ['a'], methods={}, operators={
     '==': 'a -> a -> bool',
     '!=': 'a -> a -> bool',

phasm/type3/types.py

@@ -4,7 +4,19 @@ Contains the final types for use in Phasm
 These are actual, instantiated types; not the abstract types that the
 constraint generator works with.
 """
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Protocol, Set, Union
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Generic,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Protocol,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
 
 from .typeclasses import (
     Bits,
@@ -12,6 +24,7 @@ from .typeclasses import (
     Floating,
     Fractional,
     Integral,
+    InternalPassAsPointer,
     IntNum,
     NatNum,
     Ord,
@@ -83,7 +96,7 @@ class Type3:
         return not self.__eq__(other)
 
     def __hash__(self) -> int:
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        return hash(self.name)
 
     def __bool__(self) -> bool:
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -98,6 +111,9 @@ class PrimitiveType3(Type3):
 class IntType3(Type3):
     """
     Sometimes you can have an int as type, e.g. when using static arrays
+
+    This is not the same as an int on the language level.
+    [1.0, 1.2] :: Float[2] :: * -> Int -> *
     """
 
     __slots__ = ('value', )
@@ -107,7 +123,6 @@ class IntType3(Type3):
     def __init__(self, value: int) -> None:
         super().__init__(str(value), [])
 
-        assert 0 <= value
         self.value = value
 
     def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
@@ -119,6 +134,9 @@ class IntType3(Type3):
 
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.value)
+
 class PlaceholderForType:
     """
     A placeholder type, for when we don't know the final type yet
@@ -166,64 +184,100 @@ class PlaceholderForType:
 
 Type3OrPlaceholder = Union[Type3, PlaceholderForType]
 
-class AppliedType3(Type3):
-    """
-    A Type3 that has been applied to another type
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('base', 'args', )
+T = TypeVar('T')
 
-    base: PrimitiveType3
+class TypeConstructor(Generic[T]):
     """
-    The base type
+    Base class for type construtors
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('name', 'classes', 'type_classes', '_cache', '_reverse_cache')
+
+    name: str
+    """
+    The name of the type constructor
     """
 
-    args: List[Type3OrPlaceholder]
+    classes: Set[Type3Class]
     """
-    The applied types (or placeholders there for)
+    The type classes that this constructor implements
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, base: PrimitiveType3, args: Iterable[Type3OrPlaceholder]) -> None:
-        args = [*args]
-        assert args, 'Must at least one argument'
+    type_classes: Set[Type3Class]
+    """
+    The type classes that the constructed types implement
+    """
 
-        super().__init__(
-            base.name
-            + ' ('
-            + ') ('.join(str(x) for x in args) # FIXME: Do we need to redo the name on substitution?
-            + ')',
-            []
-        )
+    _cache: dict[T, PrimitiveType3]
+    """
+    When constructing a type with the same arguments,
+    it should produce the exact same result.
+    """
 
-        self.base = base
-        self.args = args
+    _reverse_cache: dict[PrimitiveType3, T]
+    """
+    Sometimes we need to know the key that created a type.
+    """
 
-    @property
-    def has_placeholders(self) -> bool:
-        return any(
-            isinstance(x, PlaceholderForType)
-            for x in self.args
-        )
+    def __init__(self, name: str, classes: Iterable[Type3Class], type_classes: Iterable[Type3Class]) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.classes = set(classes)
+        self.type_classes = set(type_classes)
 
-    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(other, Type3):
-            raise NotImplementedError
+        self._cache = {}
+        self._reverse_cache = {}
 
-        if not isinstance(other, AppliedType3):
-            return False
+    def make_name(self, key: T) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
-        return (
-            self.base == other.base
-            and len(self.args) == len(other.args)
-            and all(
-                s == x
-                for s, x in zip(self.args, other.args)
-            )
-        )
+    def did_construct(self, typ: PrimitiveType3) -> T | None:
+        return self._reverse_cache.get(typ)
 
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'AppliedType3({repr(self.base)}, {repr(self.args)})'
+    def construct(self, key: T) -> PrimitiveType3:
+        result = self._cache.get(key, None)
+        if result is None:
+            self._cache[key] = result = PrimitiveType3(self.make_name(key), self.type_classes)
+            self._reverse_cache[result] = key
 
-class StructType3(Type3):
+        return result
+
+class TypeConstructor_Type(TypeConstructor[PrimitiveType3]):
+    """
+    Base class type constructors of kind: * -> *
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __call__(self, arg: PrimitiveType3) -> PrimitiveType3:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+class TypeConstructor_TypeInt(TypeConstructor[Tuple[PrimitiveType3, IntType3]]):
+    """
+    Base class type constructors of kind: * -> Int -> *
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def make_name(self, key: Tuple[PrimitiveType3, IntType3]) -> str:
+        return f'{self.name} {key[0].name} {key[1].value}'
+
+    def __call__(self, arg0: PrimitiveType3, arg1: IntType3) -> PrimitiveType3:
+        return self.construct((arg0, arg1))
+
+class TypeConstructor_TypeStar(TypeConstructor[Tuple[PrimitiveType3, ...]]):
+    """
+    Base class type constructors of variadic kind
+    """
+    def __call__(self, *args: PrimitiveType3) -> PrimitiveType3:
+        key: Tuple[PrimitiveType3, ...] = tuple(args)
+        return self.construct(key)
+
+class TypeConstructor_StaticArray(TypeConstructor_TypeInt):
+    def make_name(self, key: Tuple[PrimitiveType3, IntType3]) -> str:
+        return f'{key[0].name}[{key[1].value}]'
+
+class TypeConstructor_Tuple(TypeConstructor_TypeStar):
+    def make_name(self, key: Tuple[PrimitiveType3, ...]) -> str:
+        return '(' + ', '.join(x.name for x in key) + ', )'
+
+class StructType3(PrimitiveType3):
     """
     A Type3 struct with named members
     """
@@ -315,20 +369,27 @@ f64 = PrimitiveType3('f64', [Eq, Floating, Fractional, IntNum, NatNum, Ord])
 A 32-bits IEEE 754 float, of 64 bits width.
 """
 
-bytes = PrimitiveType3('bytes', [])
+bytes_ = PrimitiveType3('bytes', [])
 """
 This is a runtime-determined length piece of memory that can be indexed at runtime.
 """
 
-static_array = PrimitiveType3('static_array', [])
+static_array = TypeConstructor_StaticArray('static_array', [], [
+    Eq,
+    InternalPassAsPointer,
+])
 """
-This is a fixed length piece of memory that can be indexed at runtime.
+A type constructor.
+
+Any static array is a fixed length piece of memory that can be indexed at runtime.
 
 It should be applied with one argument. It has a runtime-dynamic length
 of the same type repeated.
 """
 
-tuple = PrimitiveType3('tuple', []) # pylint: disable=W0622
+tuple_ = TypeConstructor_Tuple('tuple', [], [
+    InternalPassAsPointer,
+])
 """
 This is a fixed length piece of memory.
 
@@ -336,7 +397,7 @@ It should be applied with zero or more arguments. It has a compile time
 determined length, and each argument can be different.
 """
 
-LOOKUP_TABLE: Dict[str, Type3] = {
+LOOKUP_TABLE: Dict[str, PrimitiveType3] = {
     'none': none,
     'bool': bool_,
     'u8': u8,
@@ -347,5 +408,5 @@ LOOKUP_TABLE: Dict[str, Type3] = {
     'i64': i64,
     'f32': f32,
     'f64': f64,
-    'bytes': bytes,
+    'bytes': bytes_,
 }

tests/integration/helpers.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from typing import Any, Generator, Iterable, List, TextIO, Union
 from phasm import compiler
 from phasm.codestyle import phasm_render
 from phasm.runtime import calculate_alloc_size
+from phasm.type3 import typeclasses as type3classes
 from phasm.type3 import types as type3types
 
 from . import runners
@@ -82,18 +83,20 @@ class Suite:
                     wasm_args.append(arg)
                     continue
 
-                if arg_typ is type3types.bytes:
+                if arg_typ is type3types.bytes_:
                     adr = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, arg_typ, arg)
                     wasm_args.append(adr)
                     continue
 
-                if isinstance(arg_typ, type3types.AppliedType3):
-                    if arg_typ.base is type3types.static_array:
+                assert isinstance(arg_typ, type3types.PrimitiveType3)
+                sa_args = type3types.static_array.did_construct(arg_typ)
+                if sa_args is not None:
                         adr = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, arg_typ, arg)
                         wasm_args.append(adr)
                         continue
 
-                    if arg_typ.base is type3types.tuple:
+                tp_args = type3types.tuple_.did_construct(arg_typ)
+                if tp_args is not None:
                         adr = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, arg_typ, arg)
                         wasm_args.append(adr)
                         continue
@@ -103,7 +106,7 @@ class Suite:
                     wasm_args.append(adr)
                     continue
 
-                raise NotImplementedError(arg)
+                raise NotImplementedError(arg_typ, arg)
 
         write_header(sys.stderr, 'Memory (pre run)')
         runner.interpreter_dump_memory(sys.stderr)
@@ -142,27 +145,33 @@ def _write_memory_stored_value(
         val_typ: type3types.Type3,
         val: Any,
     ) -> int:
-    if val_typ is type3types.bytes:
+    if val_typ is type3types.bytes_:
         adr2 = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, val_typ, val)
         runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, compiler.module_data_u32(adr2))
         return 4
 
-    if isinstance(val_typ, type3types.PrimitiveType3):
-        to_write = WRITE_LOOKUP_MAP[val_typ.name](val)
-        runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, to_write)
-        return len(to_write)
-
-    if isinstance(val_typ, type3types.AppliedType3):
-        if val_typ.base in (type3types.static_array, type3types.tuple, ):
-            adr2 = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, val_typ, val)
-            runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, compiler.module_data_u32(adr2))
-            return 4
-
     if isinstance(val_typ, type3types.StructType3):
         adr2 = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, val_typ, val)
         runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, compiler.module_data_u32(adr2))
         return 4
 
+    if isinstance(val_typ, type3types.PrimitiveType3):
+        sa_args = type3types.static_array.did_construct(val_typ)
+        if sa_args is not None:
+            adr2 = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, val_typ, val)
+            runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, compiler.module_data_u32(adr2))
+            return 4
+
+        tp_args = type3types.tuple_.did_construct(val_typ)
+        if tp_args is not None:
+            adr2 = _allocate_memory_stored_value(runner, val_typ, val)
+            runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, compiler.module_data_u32(adr2))
+            return 4
+
+        to_write = WRITE_LOOKUP_MAP[val_typ.name](val)
+        runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr, to_write)
+        return len(to_write)
+
     raise NotImplementedError(val_typ, val)
 
 def _allocate_memory_stored_value(
@@ -170,7 +179,7 @@ def _allocate_memory_stored_value(
         val_typ: type3types.Type3,
         val: Any
     ) -> int:
-    if val_typ is type3types.bytes:
+    if val_typ is type3types.bytes_:
         assert isinstance(val, bytes)
 
         adr = runner.call('stdlib.types.__alloc_bytes__', len(val))
@@ -180,29 +189,30 @@ def _allocate_memory_stored_value(
         runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr + 4, val)
         return adr
 
-    if isinstance(val_typ, type3types.AppliedType3):
-        if val_typ.base is type3types.static_array:
+    assert isinstance(val_typ, type3types.PrimitiveType3)
+    sa_args = type3types.static_array.did_construct(val_typ)
+    if sa_args is not None:
             assert isinstance(val, tuple)
 
+            sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
+
             alloc_size = calculate_alloc_size(val_typ)
             adr = runner.call('stdlib.alloc.__alloc__', alloc_size)
             assert isinstance(adr, int)
             sys.stderr.write(f'Allocation 0x{adr:08x} {repr(val)}\n')
 
-            val_el_typ = val_typ.args[0]
-            assert not isinstance(val_el_typ, type3types.PlaceholderForType)
-
-            tuple_len_obj = val_typ.args[1]
-            assert isinstance(tuple_len_obj, type3types.IntType3)
-            tuple_len = tuple_len_obj.value
+            tuple_len = sa_len.value
             assert tuple_len == len(val)
 
             offset = adr
             for val_el_val in val:
-                offset += _write_memory_stored_value(runner, offset, val_el_typ, val_el_val)
+                offset += _write_memory_stored_value(runner, offset, sa_type, val_el_val)
             return adr
 
-        if val_typ.base is type3types.tuple:
+    val_el_typ: type3types.Type3
+
+    tp_args = type3types.tuple_.did_construct(val_typ)
+    if tp_args is not None:
             assert isinstance(val, tuple)
 
             alloc_size = calculate_alloc_size(val_typ)
@@ -210,10 +220,10 @@ def _allocate_memory_stored_value(
             assert isinstance(adr, int)
             sys.stderr.write(f'Allocation 0x{adr:08x} {repr(val)}\n')
 
-            assert len(val) == len(val_typ.args)
+            assert len(val) == len(tp_args)
 
             offset = adr
-            for val_el_val, val_el_typ in zip(val, val_typ.args):
+            for val_el_val, val_el_typ in zip(val, tp_args):
                 assert not isinstance(val_el_typ, type3types.PlaceholderForType)
 
                 offset += _write_memory_stored_value(runner, offset, val_el_typ, val_el_val)
@@ -278,21 +288,24 @@ def _load_memory_stored_returned_value(
         assert isinstance(wasm_value, float), wasm_value
         return wasm_value
 
-    if ret_type3 is type3types.bytes:
+    if ret_type3 is type3types.bytes_:
         assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
 
         return _load_bytes_from_address(runner, ret_type3, wasm_value)
 
-    if isinstance(ret_type3, type3types.AppliedType3):
-        if ret_type3.base is type3types.static_array:
+    assert isinstance(ret_type3, type3types.PrimitiveType3) # Type hint
+
+    sa_args = type3types.static_array.did_construct(ret_type3)
+    if sa_args is not None:
             assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
 
-            return _load_static_array_from_address(runner, ret_type3, wasm_value)
+            return _load_static_array_from_address(runner, sa_args[0], sa_args[1], wasm_value)
 
-        if ret_type3.base is type3types.tuple:
+    tp_args = type3types.tuple_.did_construct(ret_type3)
+    if tp_args is not None:
             assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
 
-            return _load_tuple_from_address(runner, ret_type3, wasm_value)
+            return _load_tuple_from_address(runner, tp_args, wasm_value)
 
     if isinstance(ret_type3, type3types.StructType3):
         return _load_struct_from_address(runner, ret_type3, wasm_value)
@@ -334,23 +347,28 @@ def _unpack(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ: type3types.Type3, inp: bytes) -> An
         assert len(inp) == 8
         return struct.unpack('<d', inp)[0]
 
-    if typ is type3types.bytes:
+    if typ is type3types.bytes_:
         # Note: For bytes, inp should contain a 4 byte pointer
         assert len(inp) == 4
         adr = struct.unpack('<I', inp)[0]
 
         return _load_bytes_from_address(runner, typ, adr)
 
-    if isinstance(typ, type3types.AppliedType3):
+    if type3classes.InternalPassAsPointer in typ.classes:
         # Note: For applied types, inp should contain a 4 byte pointer
         assert len(inp) == 4
         adr = struct.unpack('<I', inp)[0]
 
-        if typ.base is type3types.static_array:
-            return _load_static_array_from_address(runner, typ, adr)
+        assert isinstance(typ, type3types.PrimitiveType3)
 
-        if typ.base is type3types.tuple:
-            return _load_tuple_from_address(runner, typ, adr)
+        sa_args = type3types.static_array.did_construct(typ)
+        if sa_args is not None:
+            sa_type, sa_len = sa_args
+            return _load_static_array_from_address(runner, sa_type, sa_len, adr)
+
+        tp_args = type3types.tuple_.did_construct(typ)
+        if tp_args is not None:
+              return _load_tuple_from_address(runner, tp_args, adr)
 
     if isinstance(typ, type3types.StructType3):
         # Note: For structs, inp should contain a 4 byte pointer
@@ -375,11 +393,8 @@ def _split_read_bytes(all_bytes: bytes, split_sizes: Iterable[int]) -> Generator
         yield all_bytes[offset:offset + size]
         offset += size
 
-def _load_static_array_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ: type3types.AppliedType3, adr: int) -> Any:
-    sys.stderr.write(f'Reading 0x{adr:08x} {typ:s}\n')
-
-    assert 2 == len(typ.args)
-    sub_typ, len_typ = typ.args
+def _load_static_array_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, sub_typ: type3types.PrimitiveType3, len_typ: type3types.IntType3, adr: int) -> Any:
+    sys.stderr.write(f'Reading 0x{adr:08x} {sub_typ:s} {len_typ:s}\n')
 
     assert not isinstance(sub_typ, type3types.PlaceholderForType)
     assert isinstance(len_typ, type3types.IntType3)
@@ -396,29 +411,19 @@ def _load_static_array_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ: type3types.
         for arg_bytes in _split_read_bytes(read_bytes, arg_sizes)
     )
 
-def _load_tuple_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ: type3types.Type3, adr: int) -> Any:
-    sys.stderr.write(f'Reading 0x{adr:08x} {typ:s}\n')
-
-    assert isinstance(typ, type3types.AppliedType3)
-    assert typ.base is type3types.tuple
-
-    typ_list = [
-        x
-        for x in typ.args
-        if not isinstance(x, type3types.PlaceholderForType)
-    ]
-    assert len(typ_list) == len(typ.args)
+def _load_tuple_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ_args: tuple[type3types.PrimitiveType3, ...], adr: int) -> Any:
+    sys.stderr.write(f'Reading 0x{adr:08x} tuple {len(typ_args)}\n')
 
     arg_sizes = [
         calculate_alloc_size(x, is_member=True)
-        for x in typ_list
+        for x in typ_args
     ]
 
     read_bytes = runner.interpreter_read_memory(adr, sum(arg_sizes))
 
     return tuple(
         _unpack(runner, arg_typ, arg_bytes)
-        for arg_typ, arg_bytes in zip(typ_list, _split_read_bytes(read_bytes, arg_sizes))
+        for arg_typ, arg_bytes in zip(typ_args, _split_read_bytes(read_bytes, arg_sizes))
     )
 
 def _load_struct_from_address(runner: runners.RunnerBase, typ: type3types.Type3, adr: int) -> Any:

tests/integration/test_lang/generator.md

@@ -116,11 +116,11 @@ def testEntry() -> i32:
 if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_'):
     expect_type_error(
         'Mismatch between applied types argument count',
-        'The type of the value returned from function constant should match its return type',
+        'The type of a tuple is a combination of its members',
     )
 elif TYPE_NAME.startswith('struct_'):
     expect_type_error(
-        TYPE + ' must be tuple (u32) instead',
+        TYPE + ' must be (u32, ) instead',
         'The type of the value returned from function constant should match its return type',
     )
 else:
@@ -175,19 +175,14 @@ def testEntry() -> i32:
 ```
 
 ```py
-if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_'):
+if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('struct_'):
     expect_type_error(
-        'Mismatch between applied types argument count',
-        'The type of the value returned from function constant should match its return type',
-    )
-elif TYPE_NAME.startswith('struct_'):
-    expect_type_error(
-        TYPE + ' must be tuple (u32) instead',
+        TYPE + ' must be (u32, ) instead',
         'The type of the value returned from function constant should match its return type',
     )
 else:
     expect_type_error(
-        TYPE_NAME + ' must be tuple (u32) instead',
+        TYPE_NAME + ' must be (u32, ) instead',
         'The type of the value returned from function constant should match its return type',
     )
 ```
@@ -231,19 +226,14 @@ def select(x: $TYPE) -> (u32, ):
 ```
 
 ```py
-if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_'):
+if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('struct_'):
     expect_type_error(
-        'Mismatch between applied types argument count',
-        'The type of the value returned from function select should match its return type',
-    )
-elif TYPE_NAME.startswith('struct_'):
-    expect_type_error(
-        TYPE + ' must be tuple (u32) instead',
+        TYPE + ' must be (u32, ) instead',
         'The type of the value returned from function select should match its return type',
     )
 else:
     expect_type_error(
-        TYPE_NAME + ' must be tuple (u32) instead',
+        TYPE_NAME + ' must be (u32, ) instead',
         'The type of the value returned from function select should match its return type',
     )
 ```
@@ -287,11 +277,11 @@ if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_'):
     expect_type_error(
         'Mismatch between applied types argument count',
         # FIXME: Shouldn't this be the same as for the else statement?
-        'The type of the value passed to argument x of function helper should match the type of that argument',
+        'The type of a tuple is a combination of its members',
     )
 elif TYPE_NAME.startswith('struct_'):
     expect_type_error(
-        TYPE + ' must be tuple (u32) instead',
+        TYPE + ' must be (u32, ) instead',
         'The type of the value passed to argument x of function helper should match the type of that argument',
     )
 else:
@@ -340,19 +330,14 @@ def testEntry() -> i32:
 ```
 
 ```py
-if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_'):
+if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('struct_'):
     expect_type_error(
-        'Mismatch between applied types argument count',
-        'The type of the value passed to argument x of function helper should match the type of that argument',
-    )
-elif TYPE_NAME.startswith('struct_'):
-    expect_type_error(
-        TYPE + ' must be tuple (u32) instead',
+        TYPE + ' must be (u32, ) instead',
         'The type of the value passed to argument x of function helper should match the type of that argument',
     )
 else:
     expect_type_error(
-        TYPE_NAME + ' must be tuple (u32) instead',
+        TYPE_NAME + ' must be (u32, ) instead',
         'The type of the value passed to argument x of function helper should match the type of that argument',
     )
 ```

tests/integration/test_lang/test_bytes.py

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
 
-from phasm.type3.entry import Type3Exception
-
 from ..helpers import Suite
 
 
@@ -16,38 +14,3 @@ def testEntry(f: bytes) -> u32:
     result = Suite(code_py).run_code(b'This yet is another test')
 
     assert 24 == result.returned_value
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_bytes_index_ok():
-    code_py = """
-@exported
-def testEntry(f: bytes) -> u8:
-    return f[8]
-"""
-
-    result = Suite(code_py).run_code(b'This is another test')
-
-    assert 0x61 == result.returned_value
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_bytes_index_out_of_bounds():
-    code_py = """
-@exported
-def testEntry(f: bytes, g: bytes) -> u8:
-    return f[50]
-"""
-
-    result = Suite(code_py).run_code(b'Short', b'Long' * 100)
-
-    assert 0 == result.returned_value
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_bytes_index_invalid_type():
-    code_py = """
-@exported
-def testEntry(f: bytes) -> u64:
-    return f[50]
-"""
-
-    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match=r'u64 must be u8 instead'):
-        Suite(code_py).run_code(b'Short')

tests/integration/test_lang/test_static_array.py

@@ -1,73 +1,10 @@
 import pytest
-import wasmtime
 
 from phasm.type3.entry import Type3Exception
 
 from ..helpers import Suite
 
 
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_static_array_index_ok():
-    code_py = """
-@exported
-def testEntry(f: u64[3]) -> u64:
-    return f[2]
-"""
-
-    result = Suite(code_py).run_code((1, 2, 3, ))
-
-    assert 3 == result.returned_value
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_static_array_index_invalid_type():
-    code_py = """
-@exported
-def testEntry(f: f32[3]) -> u64:
-    return f[0]
-"""
-
-    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match=r'u64 must be f32 instead'):
-        Suite(code_py).run_code((0.0, 1.5, 2.25, ))
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_module_constant_type_mismatch_not_subscriptable():
-    code_py = """
-CONSTANT: u8 = 24
-
-@exported
-def testEntry() -> u8:
-    return CONSTANT[0]
-"""
-
-    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='u8 cannot be subscripted'):
-        Suite(code_py).run_code()
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_module_constant_type_mismatch_index_out_of_range_constant():
-    code_py = """
-CONSTANT: u8[3] = (24, 57, 80, )
-
-@exported
-def testEntry() -> u8:
-    return CONSTANT[3]
-"""
-
-    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='3 must be less or equal than 2'):
-        Suite(code_py).run_code()
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_module_constant_type_mismatch_index_out_of_range_variable():
-    code_py = """
-CONSTANT: u8[3] = (24, 57, 80, )
-
-@exported
-def testEntry(x: u32) -> u8:
-    return CONSTANT[x]
-"""
-
-    with pytest.raises(wasmtime.Trap):
-        Suite(code_py).run_code(3)
-
 @pytest.mark.integration_test
 def test_static_array_constant_too_few_values():
     code_py = """

tests/integration/test_lang/test_struct.py

@@ -74,5 +74,5 @@ def testEntry(arg: Struct) -> (i32, i32, ):
     return arg.param
 """
 
-    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match=type_ + r' must be tuple \(i32\) \(i32\) instead'):
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match=type_ + r' must be \(i32, i32, \) instead'):
         Suite(code_py).run_code()

tests/integration/test_lang/test_subscriptable.py

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import pytest
+import wasmtime
+
+from phasm.type3.entry import Type3Exception
+
+from ..helpers import Suite
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('type_, in_put, exp_result', [
+    ('(u8, u8, )', (45, 46), 45, ),
+    ('u8[2]', (45, 46), 45, ),
+    ('bytes', b'This is a test', 84)
+])
+def test_subscript_0(type_, in_put, exp_result):
+    code_py = f"""
+@exported
+def testEntry(f: {type_}) -> u8:
+    return f[0]
+"""
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code(in_put)
+
+    assert exp_result == result.returned_value
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('type_, in_put, exp_result', [
+    ('(u8, u8, )', (45, 46), 45, ),
+    ('u8[2]', (45, 46), 45, ),
+    ('bytes', b'This is a test', 84)
+])
+def test_subscript_invalid_type(type_, in_put, exp_result):
+    code_py = f"""
+@exported
+def testEntry(f: {type_}) -> u32:
+    return f[0]
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='u32 must be u8 instead'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code(in_put)
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_subscript_tuple_must_be_literal():
+    code_py = """
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: (u8, u32, u64), y: u8) -> u64:
+    return x[y]
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Must index with literal'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_subscript_tuple_must_be_int():
+    code_py = """
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: (u8, u32, u64)) -> u64:
+    return x[0.0]
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Must index with integer literal'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('type_, in_put', [
+    ('(u8, u8, )', (45, 46), ),
+    ('u8[2]', (45, 46), ),
+    # bytes isn't known at runtime so works like normal
+])
+def test_subscript_oob_constant_low(type_, in_put):
+    code_py = f"""
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: {type_}) -> u8:
+    return x[-1]
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Tuple index out of range'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code(in_put)
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_subscript_oob_constant_high():
+    code_py = """
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: (u8, u32, u64)) -> u64:
+    return x[4]
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Tuple index out of range'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code()
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('type_, in_put', [
+    # Cannot Subscript tuple without a constant
+    ('u8[2]', (45, 46), ),
+    ('bytes', b'This is a test', ),
+])
+def test_subscript_oob_normal(type_, in_put):
+    code_py = f"""
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: {type_}, y: u32) -> u8:
+    return x[y]
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(wasmtime.Trap):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code(in_put, 255)
+
+@pytest.mark.integration_test
+def test_subscript_not_subscriptable():
+    code_py = """
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: u8) -> u8:
+    return x[0]
+"""
+
+    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='u8 cannot be subscripted'):
+        Suite(code_py).run_code()

tests/integration/test_lang/test_tuple.py

@@ -70,25 +70,3 @@ CONSTANT: (u32, u8, u8, ) = (24, 4000, 1, )
 
     with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match=r'Must fit in 1 byte\(s\)'):
         Suite(code_py).run_code()
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_tuple_must_use_literal_for_indexing():
-    code_py = """
-@exported
-def testEntry(x: (u8, u32, u64), y: u8) -> u64:
-    return x[y]
-"""
-
-    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Must index with literal'):
-        Suite(code_py).run_code()
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_tuple_must_use_integer_for_indexing():
-    code_py = """
-@exported
-def testEntry(x: (u8, u32, u64)) -> u64:
-    return x[0.0]
-"""
-
-    with pytest.raises(Type3Exception, match='Must index with integer literal'):
-        Suite(code_py).run_code()