Cleanup to type5 solver

- Replaces weird CheckResult class with proper data classes.
- When a constraint results in new constraints, those are
  treated first
- Minor readability change to function return type
- Code cleanup
- TODO cleanup
- Typo fixes

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 /*.wasm
 /*.wat
+/.coverage
 /venv
 
+/tests/integration/test_lang/test_generated_*.py
+
 __pycache__

Makefile

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-WABT_DIR := /home/johan/Sources/github.com/WebAssembly/wabt
-
-WAT2WASM := $(WABT_DIR)/bin/wat2wasm
-WASM2C := $(WABT_DIR)/bin/wasm2c
+TEST_FILES := tests
+WAT2WASM := venv/bin/python wat2wasm.py
 
 %.wat: %.py $(shell find phasm -name '*.py') venv/.done
 	venv/bin/python -m phasm $< $@
@@ -15,30 +13,38 @@ WASM2C := $(WABT_DIR)/bin/wasm2c
 %.wasm: %.wat
 	$(WAT2WASM) $^ -o $@
 
-%.c: %.wasm
-	$(WASM2C) $^ -o $@
-
-# %.exe: %.c
-# 	cc $^ -o $@ -I $(WABT_DIR)/wasm2c
-
 examples: venv/.done $(subst .py,.wasm,$(wildcard examples/*.py)) $(subst .py,.wat.html,$(wildcard examples/*.py)) $(subst .py,.py.html,$(wildcard examples/*.py))
 	venv/bin/python3 -m http.server --directory examples
 
-test: venv/.done
-	WAT2WASM=$(WAT2WASM) venv/bin/pytest tests $(TEST_FLAGS)
+test: venv/.done $(subst .json,.py,$(subst /generator_,/test_generated_,$(wildcard tests/integration/test_lang/generator_*.json)))
+	venv/bin/pytest $(TEST_FILES) $(TEST_FLAGS)
 
 lint: venv/.done
-	venv/bin/pylint phasm
+	venv/bin/ruff check phasm tests
 
 typecheck: venv/.done
-	venv/bin/mypy --strict phasm tests/integration/runners.py
+	venv/bin/mypy --strict phasm wat2wasm.py tests/integration/helpers.py tests/integration/memory.py tests/integration/runners.py
 
 venv/.done: requirements.txt
-	python3.8 -m venv venv
+	python3.12 -m venv venv
 	venv/bin/python3 -m pip install wheel pip --upgrade
 	venv/bin/python3 -m pip install -r $^
 	touch $@
 
+tests/integration/test_lang/test_generated_%.py: venv/.done tests/integration/test_lang/generator.py tests/integration/test_lang/generator.md tests/integration/test_lang/generator_%.json
+	venv/bin/python3 tests/integration/test_lang/generator.py tests/integration/test_lang/generator.md tests/integration/test_lang/generator_$*.json > $@
+
+clean-examples:
+	rm -f examples/*.wat examples/*.wasm examples/*.wat.html examples/*.py.html
+
+clean-generated-tests:
+	rm -f tests/integration/test_lang/test_generated_*.py
+
 .SECONDARY: # Keep intermediate files
 
 .PHONY: examples
+
+# So generally the right thing to do is to delete the target file if the recipe fails after beginning to change the file.
+# make will do this if .DELETE_ON_ERROR appears as a target.
+# This is almost always what you want make to do, but it is not historical practice; so for compatibility, you must explicitly request it.
+.DELETE_ON_ERROR:

README.md

@@ -3,19 +3,116 @@ phasm
 
 Elevator pitch
 --------------
-A language that looks like Python, handles like Haskell, and compiles to
-WebAssembly.
+A programming language that looks like Python, handles like Haskell,
+and compiles directly to WebAssembly.
 
-Naming
-------
+Example
+-------
+
+From `examples/fib.py`:
+
+```py
+def helper(n: u64, a: u64, b: u64) -> u64:
+    if n < 1:
+        return a + b
+
+    return helper(n - 1, a + b, a)
+
+@exported
+def fib(n: u64) -> u64:
+    if n == 0:
+        return 0
+
+    if n == 1:
+        return 1
+
+    return helper(n - 1, 0, 1)
+```
+
+Compile to a WebAssembly text file:
+```sh
+python3 -m phasm examples/fib.py examples/fib.wat
+```
+
+Generate a WebAssembly binary file:
+```sh
+python wat2wasm.py examples/fib.wat -o examples/fib.wasm
+```
+
+Ready for including in your WebAssembly runtime!
+
+Run `make examples` to start a local web server with some more examples. Each example has the source listed, as well as the compiled WebAssembly text.
+
+Project state
+-------------
+This is a hobby project for now. Use at your own risk.
+
+The parser, compiler and type checker are in a reasonably usable state.
+
+What's still lacking is support for runtimes - notably, making it easier to get values in and out of the runtime.
+For example, while Phasm supports a u32 type, when you get your value out, it will probably be a signed value.
+And getting strings, structs, arrays and other combined values in and out requires manual work.
+
+How to run
+----------
+You should only need make and python3. Currently, we're working with python3.12,
+since we're using the python ast parser, it might not work on other versions.
+
+To compile a Phasm file:
+```sh
+python3.12 -m phasm source.py output.wat
+```
+
+To run the examples:
+```sh
+make examples
+```
+
+To run the tests:
+```sh
+make test
+```
+
+To run the linting and type checking:
+```sh
+make lint typecheck
+```
+
+Gotcha's
+--------
+- When importing and exporting unsigned values to WebAssembly, they will become
+  signed, as WebAssembly has no native unsigned type. You may need to cast
+  or reinterpret them.
+- Currently, Phasm files have the .py extension, which helps with syntax
+  highlighting, that might change in the future.
+
+Contributing
+------------
+At this time, we're mostly looking for use cases for WebAssembly, other than to
+compile existing C code and running them in the browser. The goal of WebAssembly
+is to enable high-performance applications on web pages[5]. Though most people
+seem to use it to have existing code run in the browser.
+
+If you have a situation where WebAssembly would be useful for it's speed, we're
+interested to see what you want to use it for.
+
+Also, if you are trying out Phasm, and you're running into a limitation, we're
+interested in a minimal test case that shows what you want to achieve and how
+Phasm currently fails you.
+
+We're also investigating using WASI - but that's still ongoing research. If you
+have tips or ideas on that, we'd be interested.
+
+Name origin
+-----------
 - p from python
 - ha from Haskell
 - asm from WebAssembly
 
-You will need wat2wasm from github.com/WebAssembly/wabt in your path.
-
-Ideas
-=====
-- https://github.com/wasmerio/wasmer-python
-- https://github.com/diekmann/wasm-fizzbuzz
-- https://blog.scottlogic.com/2018/04/26/webassembly-by-hand.html
+References
+----------
+[1] https://www.python.org/  
+[2] https://www.haskell.org/  
+[3] https://webassembly.org/  
+[4] https://www.w3.org/TR/wasm-core-1/  
+[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebAssembly&oldid=1103639883  

TODO.md

@@ -1,6 +1,27 @@
 # TODO
 
+- Decide between lineair types / uniqueness vs garbage collector
+  - https://borretti.me/article/how-australs-linear-type-checker-works
+
+- Rename constant to literal
+
 - Implement a trace() builtin for debugging
-- Implement a proper type matching / checking system
 - Check if we can use DataView in the Javascript examples, e.g. with setUint32
-- Storing u8 in memory still claims 32 bits (since that's what you need in local variables). However, using load8_u / loadu_s we can optimize this.
+- Implement a FizzBuzz example
+- Also, check the codes for FIXME and TODO
+- Allocation is done using pointers for members, is this desired?
+- See if we want to replace Fractional with Real, and add Rational, Irrationl, Algebraic, Transendental
+  - Implement q32? q64? Two i32/i64 divided?
+- Have a set of rules or guidelines for the constraint comments, they're messy.
+- calculate_alloc_size can be reworked; is_member isn't useful with TYPE_INFO_MAP
+
+- Parser is putting stuff in ModuleDataBlock
+  - Surely the compiler should build data blocks
+  - Also put the struct.pack constants in TYPE_INFO_MAP
+- Implemented Bounded: https://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.21.0.0/docs/Prelude.html#t:Bounded
+- Try to implement the min and max functions using select
+
+- Read https://bytecodealliance.org/articles/multi-value-all-the-wasm
+
+- Implement type class 'inheritance'
+- Rework type classes - already started on a separate dir for those, but quite a few things are still in other places.

examples/buffer.html

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-<title>Examples - Buffer</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h1>Buffer</h1>
-
-<a href="index.html">List</a> - <a href="buffer.py.html">Source</a> - <a href="buffer.wat.html">WebAssembly</a>
-
-<div style="white-space: pre;" id="results"></div>
-
-
-<script type="text/javascript">
-let importObject = {};
-
-let results = document.getElementById('results');
-
-function log(txt)
-{
-  let span = document.createElement('span');
-  span.innerHTML = txt;
-  results.appendChild(span);
-  let br = document.createElement('br');
-  results.appendChild(br);
-}
-
-WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch('buffer.wasm'), importObject)
-  .then(app => {
-    // Allocate room within the memory of the WebAssembly class
-    let size = 8;
-
-    stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__ = app.instance.exports['stdlib.types.__alloc_bytes__']
-
-    let offset = stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__(size)
-    var i8arr = new Uint8Array(app.instance.exports.memory.buffer, offset + 4, size);
-
-    log('len(i8arr) = ' + app.instance.exports.length(offset));
-
-    //Fill it
-    for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-      i8arr[i] = i + 5;
-      let from_wasm = app.instance.exports.index(offset, i);
-      log('i8arr[' + i + '] = ' + from_wasm);
-    }
-  });
-</script>
-
-</body>
-</html>

examples/buffer.py

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-@exported
-def index(inp: bytes, idx: u32) -> u8:
-    return inp[idx]
-
-@exported
-def length(inp: bytes) -> i32:
-    return len(inp)

examples/crc32.html

@@ -2,46 +2,68 @@
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>Examples - CRC32</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="main.css">
 </head>
 <body>
-<h1>Buffer</h1>
+  <h1>Examples - CRC32</h1>
 
-<a href="index.html">List</a> - <a href="crc32.py.html">Source</a> - <a href="crc32.wat.html">WebAssembly</a>
+  <div class="menu">
+    <a href="index.html">List</a> - <a href="crc32.py.html">Source</a> - <a href="crc32.wat.html">WebAssembly</a><br />
+  </div>
 
-<div style="white-space: pre;" id="results"></div>
+  <div class="description">
+      <p>
+        This example shows a fold implementation of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check">cyclic redundancy check</a>.
+        There are actually many variations of these CRCs - this one is specifically know as CRC-32/ISO-HDLC.
+      </p>
+  </div>
 
+  <h3>Try it out!</h3>
+  <div class="example">
+    <textarea id="example-data" style="width: 75%; height: 4em;">The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog</textarea><br />
+    <button type="click" id="example-click" disabled>Calculate</button>
+    <input type="text" id="example-crc32" />
+  </div>
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+  <div class="example-list">
+    <ul>
+      <li><a href="#" data-n="123456789">crc32("123456789")</a> = cbf43926</li>
+      <li><a href="#" data-n="Hello, world!">crc32("Hello, world!")</a> = ebe6c6e6</li>
+      <li><a href="#" data-n="The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog">crc32("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")</a> = 414fa339</li>
+      <li><a href="#" data-n="CRC-32/ISO-HDLC
+Also referred to as ISO 3309, ITU-T V.42, CRC-32-IEEE, and many other names.
+
+The CRC of ASCII &quot;123456789&quot; is 0xcbf43926.
+
+Examples of formats that use CRC-32/ISO-HDLC: ZIP, PNG, Gzip, ARJ.">crc32("CRC-32/ISO-HDLC...")</a> = 126afcf</li>
+    </ul>
+  </div>
+
+  <!-- We'll need to use some interface glue - WebAssembly doesn't let us pass strings directly. -->
+  <script type="text/javascript" src="./include.js"></script>
+  <script>
     let importObject = {};
-
-let results = document.getElementById('results');
-
-function log(txt)
-{
-  let span = document.createElement('span');
-  span.innerHTML = txt;
-  results.appendChild(span);
-  let br = document.createElement('br');
-  results.appendChild(br);
-}
+    let exampleN = document.querySelector('#example-data');
+    let exampleClick = document.querySelector('#example-click');
+    let exampleCrc32 = document.querySelector('#example-crc32');
 
     WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch('crc32.wasm'), importObject)
       .then(app => {
-    // Allocate room within the memory of the WebAssembly class
-    stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__ = app.instance.exports['stdlib.types.__alloc_bytes__']
-
-    let offset0 = stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__(0);
-    let offset1 = stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__(1);
-
-    // Write into allocated memory
-    var i8arr0 = new Uint8Array(app.instance.exports.memory.buffer, offset0 + 4, 0);
-    var i8arr1 = new Uint8Array(app.instance.exports.memory.buffer, offset1 + 4, 1);
-    i8arr1[0] = 0x61;
-
-    log('crc32([' + i8arr0 + ']) = ' + app.instance.exports.crc32(offset0));
-    log('crc32([' + i8arr1 + ']) = ' + app.instance.exports.crc32(offset1));
+        exampleClick.addEventListener('click', event => {
+          let in_put = exampleN.value;
+          let in_put_addr = alloc_bytes(app, in_put);
+          let result = app.instance.exports.crc32(in_put_addr);
+          exampleCrc32.value = i32_to_u32(result).toString(16);
+        });
+        exampleClick.removeAttribute('disabled');
       });
-</script>
 
+    for(let exmpl of document.querySelectorAll('a[data-n]') ) {
+      exmpl.addEventListener('click', event => {
+        exampleN.value = exmpl.getAttribute('data-n');
+        exampleClick.click();
+      });
+    }
+  </script>
 </body>
 </html>

examples/crc32.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# CRC-32/ISO-HDLC
+#
 # #include <inttypes.h> // uint32_t, uint8_t
 #
 # uint32_t CRC32(const uint8_t data[], size_t data_length) {
@@ -13,76 +15,43 @@
 #   return crc32;
 # }
 
-# Might be the wrong table
 _CRC32_Table: u32[256] = (
-    0x00000000, 0xF26B8303, 0xE13B70F7, 0x1350F3F4,
-    0xC79A971F, 0x35F1141C, 0x26A1E7E8, 0xD4CA64EB,
-    0x8AD958CF, 0x78B2DBCC, 0x6BE22838, 0x9989AB3B,
-    0x4D43CFD0, 0xBF284CD3, 0xAC78BF27, 0x5E133C24,
-    0x105EC76F, 0xE235446C, 0xF165B798, 0x030E349B,
-    0xD7C45070, 0x25AFD373, 0x36FF2087, 0xC494A384,
-    0x9A879FA0, 0x68EC1CA3, 0x7BBCEF57, 0x89D76C54,
-    0x5D1D08BF, 0xAF768BBC, 0xBC267848, 0x4E4DFB4B,
-    0x20BD8EDE, 0xD2D60DDD, 0xC186FE29, 0x33ED7D2A,
-    0xE72719C1, 0x154C9AC2, 0x061C6936, 0xF477EA35,
-    0xAA64D611, 0x580F5512, 0x4B5FA6E6, 0xB93425E5,
-    0x6DFE410E, 0x9F95C20D, 0x8CC531F9, 0x7EAEB2FA,
-    0x30E349B1, 0xC288CAB2, 0xD1D83946, 0x23B3BA45,
-    0xF779DEAE, 0x05125DAD, 0x1642AE59, 0xE4292D5A,
-    0xBA3A117E, 0x4851927D, 0x5B016189, 0xA96AE28A,
-    0x7DA08661, 0x8FCB0562, 0x9C9BF696, 0x6EF07595,
-    0x417B1DBC, 0xB3109EBF, 0xA0406D4B, 0x522BEE48,
-    0x86E18AA3, 0x748A09A0, 0x67DAFA54, 0x95B17957,
-    0xCBA24573, 0x39C9C670, 0x2A993584, 0xD8F2B687,
-    0x0C38D26C, 0xFE53516F, 0xED03A29B, 0x1F682198,
-    0x5125DAD3, 0xA34E59D0, 0xB01EAA24, 0x42752927,
-    0x96BF4DCC, 0x64D4CECF, 0x77843D3B, 0x85EFBE38,
-    0xDBFC821C, 0x2997011F, 0x3AC7F2EB, 0xC8AC71E8,
-    0x1C661503, 0xEE0D9600, 0xFD5D65F4, 0x0F36E6F7,
-    0x61C69362, 0x93AD1061, 0x80FDE395, 0x72966096,
-    0xA65C047D, 0x5437877E, 0x4767748A, 0xB50CF789,
-    0xEB1FCBAD, 0x197448AE, 0x0A24BB5A, 0xF84F3859,
-    0x2C855CB2, 0xDEEEDFB1, 0xCDBE2C45, 0x3FD5AF46,
-    0x7198540D, 0x83F3D70E, 0x90A324FA, 0x62C8A7F9,
-    0xB602C312, 0x44694011, 0x5739B3E5, 0xA55230E6,
-    0xFB410CC2, 0x092A8FC1, 0x1A7A7C35, 0xE811FF36,
-    0x3CDB9BDD, 0xCEB018DE, 0xDDE0EB2A, 0x2F8B6829,
-    0x82F63B78, 0x709DB87B, 0x63CD4B8F, 0x91A6C88C,
-    0x456CAC67, 0xB7072F64, 0xA457DC90, 0x563C5F93,
-    0x082F63B7, 0xFA44E0B4, 0xE9141340, 0x1B7F9043,
-    0xCFB5F4A8, 0x3DDE77AB, 0x2E8E845F, 0xDCE5075C,
-    0x92A8FC17, 0x60C37F14, 0x73938CE0, 0x81F80FE3,
-    0x55326B08, 0xA759E80B, 0xB4091BFF, 0x466298FC,
-    0x1871A4D8, 0xEA1A27DB, 0xF94AD42F, 0x0B21572C,
-    0xDFEB33C7, 0x2D80B0C4, 0x3ED04330, 0xCCBBC033,
-    0xA24BB5A6, 0x502036A5, 0x4370C551, 0xB11B4652,
-    0x65D122B9, 0x97BAA1BA, 0x84EA524E, 0x7681D14D,
-    0x2892ED69, 0xDAF96E6A, 0xC9A99D9E, 0x3BC21E9D,
-    0xEF087A76, 0x1D63F975, 0x0E330A81, 0xFC588982,
-    0xB21572C9, 0x407EF1CA, 0x532E023E, 0xA145813D,
-    0x758FE5D6, 0x87E466D5, 0x94B49521, 0x66DF1622,
-    0x38CC2A06, 0xCAA7A905, 0xD9F75AF1, 0x2B9CD9F2,
-    0xFF56BD19, 0x0D3D3E1A, 0x1E6DCDEE, 0xEC064EED,
-    0xC38D26C4, 0x31E6A5C7, 0x22B65633, 0xD0DDD530,
-    0x0417B1DB, 0xF67C32D8, 0xE52CC12C, 0x1747422F,
-    0x49547E0B, 0xBB3FFD08, 0xA86F0EFC, 0x5A048DFF,
-    0x8ECEE914, 0x7CA56A17, 0x6FF599E3, 0x9D9E1AE0,
-    0xD3D3E1AB, 0x21B862A8, 0x32E8915C, 0xC083125F,
-    0x144976B4, 0xE622F5B7, 0xF5720643, 0x07198540,
-    0x590AB964, 0xAB613A67, 0xB831C993, 0x4A5A4A90,
-    0x9E902E7B, 0x6CFBAD78, 0x7FAB5E8C, 0x8DC0DD8F,
-    0xE330A81A, 0x115B2B19, 0x020BD8ED, 0xF0605BEE,
-    0x24AA3F05, 0xD6C1BC06, 0xC5914FF2, 0x37FACCF1,
-    0x69E9F0D5, 0x9B8273D6, 0x88D28022, 0x7AB90321,
-    0xAE7367CA, 0x5C18E4C9, 0x4F48173D, 0xBD23943E,
-    0xF36E6F75, 0x0105EC76, 0x12551F82, 0xE03E9C81,
-    0x34F4F86A, 0xC69F7B69, 0xD5CF889D, 0x27A40B9E,
-    0x79B737BA, 0x8BDCB4B9, 0x988C474D, 0x6AE7C44E,
-    0xBE2DA0A5, 0x4C4623A6, 0x5F16D052, 0xAD7D5351,
+    0x00000000, 0x77073096, 0xEE0E612C, 0x990951BA, 0x076DC419, 0x706AF48F, 0xE963A535, 0x9E6495A3,
+    0x0EDB8832, 0x79DCB8A4, 0xE0D5E91E, 0x97D2D988, 0x09B64C2B, 0x7EB17CBD, 0xE7B82D07, 0x90BF1D91,
+    0x1DB71064, 0x6AB020F2, 0xF3B97148, 0x84BE41DE, 0x1ADAD47D, 0x6DDDE4EB, 0xF4D4B551, 0x83D385C7,
+    0x136C9856, 0x646BA8C0, 0xFD62F97A, 0x8A65C9EC, 0x14015C4F, 0x63066CD9, 0xFA0F3D63, 0x8D080DF5,
+    0x3B6E20C8, 0x4C69105E, 0xD56041E4, 0xA2677172, 0x3C03E4D1, 0x4B04D447, 0xD20D85FD, 0xA50AB56B,
+    0x35B5A8FA, 0x42B2986C, 0xDBBBC9D6, 0xACBCF940, 0x32D86CE3, 0x45DF5C75, 0xDCD60DCF, 0xABD13D59,
+    0x26D930AC, 0x51DE003A, 0xC8D75180, 0xBFD06116, 0x21B4F4B5, 0x56B3C423, 0xCFBA9599, 0xB8BDA50F,
+    0x2802B89E, 0x5F058808, 0xC60CD9B2, 0xB10BE924, 0x2F6F7C87, 0x58684C11, 0xC1611DAB, 0xB6662D3D,
+    0x76DC4190, 0x01DB7106, 0x98D220BC, 0xEFD5102A, 0x71B18589, 0x06B6B51F, 0x9FBFE4A5, 0xE8B8D433,
+    0x7807C9A2, 0x0F00F934, 0x9609A88E, 0xE10E9818, 0x7F6A0DBB, 0x086D3D2D, 0x91646C97, 0xE6635C01,
+    0x6B6B51F4, 0x1C6C6162, 0x856530D8, 0xF262004E, 0x6C0695ED, 0x1B01A57B, 0x8208F4C1, 0xF50FC457,
+    0x65B0D9C6, 0x12B7E950, 0x8BBEB8EA, 0xFCB9887C, 0x62DD1DDF, 0x15DA2D49, 0x8CD37CF3, 0xFBD44C65,
+    0x4DB26158, 0x3AB551CE, 0xA3BC0074, 0xD4BB30E2, 0x4ADFA541, 0x3DD895D7, 0xA4D1C46D, 0xD3D6F4FB,
+    0x4369E96A, 0x346ED9FC, 0xAD678846, 0xDA60B8D0, 0x44042D73, 0x33031DE5, 0xAA0A4C5F, 0xDD0D7CC9,
+    0x5005713C, 0x270241AA, 0xBE0B1010, 0xC90C2086, 0x5768B525, 0x206F85B3, 0xB966D409, 0xCE61E49F,
+    0x5EDEF90E, 0x29D9C998, 0xB0D09822, 0xC7D7A8B4, 0x59B33D17, 0x2EB40D81, 0xB7BD5C3B, 0xC0BA6CAD,
+    0xEDB88320, 0x9ABFB3B6, 0x03B6E20C, 0x74B1D29A, 0xEAD54739, 0x9DD277AF, 0x04DB2615, 0x73DC1683,
+    0xE3630B12, 0x94643B84, 0x0D6D6A3E, 0x7A6A5AA8, 0xE40ECF0B, 0x9309FF9D, 0x0A00AE27, 0x7D079EB1,
+    0xF00F9344, 0x8708A3D2, 0x1E01F268, 0x6906C2FE, 0xF762575D, 0x806567CB, 0x196C3671, 0x6E6B06E7,
+    0xFED41B76, 0x89D32BE0, 0x10DA7A5A, 0x67DD4ACC, 0xF9B9DF6F, 0x8EBEEFF9, 0x17B7BE43, 0x60B08ED5,
+    0xD6D6A3E8, 0xA1D1937E, 0x38D8C2C4, 0x4FDFF252, 0xD1BB67F1, 0xA6BC5767, 0x3FB506DD, 0x48B2364B,
+    0xD80D2BDA, 0xAF0A1B4C, 0x36034AF6, 0x41047A60, 0xDF60EFC3, 0xA867DF55, 0x316E8EEF, 0x4669BE79,
+    0xCB61B38C, 0xBC66831A, 0x256FD2A0, 0x5268E236, 0xCC0C7795, 0xBB0B4703, 0x220216B9, 0x5505262F,
+    0xC5BA3BBE, 0xB2BD0B28, 0x2BB45A92, 0x5CB36A04, 0xC2D7FFA7, 0xB5D0CF31, 0x2CD99E8B, 0x5BDEAE1D,
+    0x9B64C2B0, 0xEC63F226, 0x756AA39C, 0x026D930A, 0x9C0906A9, 0xEB0E363F, 0x72076785, 0x05005713,
+    0x95BF4A82, 0xE2B87A14, 0x7BB12BAE, 0x0CB61B38, 0x92D28E9B, 0xE5D5BE0D, 0x7CDCEFB7, 0x0BDBDF21,
+    0x86D3D2D4, 0xF1D4E242, 0x68DDB3F8, 0x1FDA836E, 0x81BE16CD, 0xF6B9265B, 0x6FB077E1, 0x18B74777,
+    0x88085AE6, 0xFF0F6A70, 0x66063BCA, 0x11010B5C, 0x8F659EFF, 0xF862AE69, 0x616BFFD3, 0x166CCF45,
+    0xA00AE278, 0xD70DD2EE, 0x4E048354, 0x3903B3C2, 0xA7672661, 0xD06016F7, 0x4969474D, 0x3E6E77DB,
+    0xAED16A4A, 0xD9D65ADC, 0x40DF0B66, 0x37D83BF0, 0xA9BCAE53, 0xDEBB9EC5, 0x47B2CF7F, 0x30B5FFE9,
+    0xBDBDF21C, 0xCABAC28A, 0x53B39330, 0x24B4A3A6, 0xBAD03605, 0xCDD70693, 0x54DE5729, 0x23D967BF,
+    0xB3667A2E, 0xC4614AB8, 0x5D681B02, 0x2A6F2B94, 0xB40BBE37, 0xC30C8EA1, 0x5A05DF1B, 0x2D02EF8D,
 )
 
 def _crc32_f(crc: u32, byt: u8) -> u32:
-    return (crc >> 8) ^ _CRC32_Table[(crc & 0xFF) ^ u32(byt)]
+    return (crc >> 8) ^ _CRC32_Table[(crc & 0xFF) ^ extend(byt)]
 
 @exported
 def crc32(data: bytes) -> u32:

examples/fib.html

@@ -1,34 +1,62 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>Examples - Fibonacci</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="main.css">
 </head>
 <body>
-<h1>Fibonacci</h1>
+  <h1>Examples - Fibonacci</h1>
 
+  <div class="menu">
     <a href="index.html">List</a> - <a href="fib.py.html">Source</a> - <a href="fib.wat.html">WebAssembly</a>
+  </div>
 
-<div style="white-space: pre;" id="results"></div>
+  <div class="description">
+      <p>
+        This example shows a recursive implementation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence">Fibonacci sequence</a>.
+        It makes uses of WebAssembly's support for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_call">tail calls</a>.
+      </p>
+  </div>
 
+  <h3>Try it out!</h3>
+  <div class="example">
+    <input type="number" id="example-n" value="25" />
+    <button type="click" id="example-click" disabled>Calculate</button>
+    <input type="number" id="example-fib" />
+  </div>
 
-<script type="text/javascript">
+  <div class="example-list">
+    <ul>
+      <li><a href="#" data-n="5">fib(5)</a> = 5</li>
+      <li><a href="#" data-n="10">fib(10)</a> = 55</li>
+      <li><a href="#" data-n="25">fib(25)</a> = 75025</li>
+      <li><a href="#" data-n="50">fib(50)</a> = 12586269025</li>
+    </ul>
+  </div>
+
+  <script>
     let importObject = {};
-
-let results = document.getElementById('results');
+    let exampleN = document.querySelector('#example-n');
+    let exampleClick = document.querySelector('#example-click');
+    let exampleFib = document.querySelector('#example-fib');
 
     WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch('fib.wasm'), importObject)
       .then(app => {
-    //  93:  7540113804746346429
-    // i64:  9223372036854775807
-    //  94: 19740274219868223167
-    for(let i = BigInt(1); i < 93; ++i) {
-      let span = document.createElement('span');
-      span.innerHTML = 'fib(' + i + ') = ' + app.instance.exports.fib(i);
-      results.appendChild(span);
-      let br = document.createElement('br');
-      results.appendChild(br);
-    }
+        exampleClick.addEventListener('click', event => {
+          let in_put = exampleN.value;
+          let result = app.instance.exports.fib(BigInt(in_put));
+          exampleFib.value = result;
+        });
+        exampleClick.removeAttribute('disabled');
       });
-</script>
 
+    for(let exmpl of document.querySelectorAll('a[data-n]') ) {
+      exmpl.addEventListener('click', event => {
+        exampleN.value = exmpl.getAttribute('data-n');
+        exampleClick.click();
+      });
+    }
+
+  </script>
 </body>
 </html>

examples/fib.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-def helper(n: i64, a: i64, b: i64) -> i64:
+def helper(n: u64, a: u64, b: u64) -> u64:
     if n < 1:
         return a + b
 
     return helper(n - 1, a + b, a)
 
 @exported
-def fib(n: i64) -> i64:
+def fib(n: u64) -> u64:
     if n == 0:
         return 0
 
@@ -13,7 +13,3 @@ def fib(n: i64) -> i64:
         return 1
 
     return helper(n - 1, 0, 1)
-
-@exported
-def testEntry() -> i64:
-    return fib(40)

examples/fold.html

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-<title>Examples - Fold</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h1>Fold</h1>
-
-<a href="index.html">List</a> - <a href="fold.py.html">Source</a> - <a href="fold.wat.html">WebAssembly</a>
-
-<div style="white-space: pre;" id="results"></div>
-
-
-<script type="text/javascript">
-let importObject = {
-  'imports': {
-    'log': log,
-  }
-};
-
-let results = document.getElementById('results');
-
-function log(txt)
-{
-  let span = document.createElement('span');
-  span.innerHTML = txt;
-  results.appendChild(span);
-  let br = document.createElement('br');
-  results.appendChild(br);
-}
-
-WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch('fold.wasm'), importObject)
-  .then(app => {
-    stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__ = app.instance.exports['stdlib.types.__alloc_bytes__']
-
-    let offset0 = stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__(0);
-    let offset1 = stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__(1);
-    let offset2 = stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__(2);
-    let offset4 = stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__(4);
-
-    var i8arr0 = new Uint8Array(app.instance.exports.memory.buffer, offset0 + 4, 0);
-    var i8arr1 = new Uint8Array(app.instance.exports.memory.buffer, offset1 + 4, 1);
-    i8arr1[0] = 0x20;
-    var i8arr2 = new Uint8Array(app.instance.exports.memory.buffer, offset2 + 4, 2);
-    i8arr2[0] = 0x20;
-    i8arr2[1] = 0x10;
-    var i8arr4 = new Uint8Array(app.instance.exports.memory.buffer, offset4 + 4, 4);
-    i8arr4[0] = 0x20;
-    i8arr4[1] = 0x10;
-    i8arr4[2] = 0x08;
-    i8arr4[3] = 0x04;
-    i8arr4[4] = 0x02;
-
-    log('foldl(or, 1, [' + i8arr0 + ']) = ' + app.instance.exports.foldl_u8_or_1(offset0));
-    log('foldl(or, 1, [' + i8arr1 + ']) = ' + app.instance.exports.foldl_u8_or_1(offset1));
-    log('foldl(or, 1, [' + i8arr2 + ']) = ' + app.instance.exports.foldl_u8_or_1(offset2));
-    log('foldl(or, 1, [' + i8arr4 + ']) = ' + app.instance.exports.foldl_u8_or_1(offset4));
-  });
-</script>
-
-</body>
-</html>

examples/fold.py

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-def u8_or(l: u8, r: u8) -> u8:
-    return l | r
-
-@exported
-def foldl_u8_or_1(b: bytes) -> u8:
-    return foldl(u8_or, 1, b)

examples/imported.html

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-<title>Examples - Imported</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h1>Imported</h1>
-
-<a href="index.html">List</a> - <a href="imported.py.html">Source</a> - <a href="imported.wat.html">WebAssembly</a>
-
-<div style="white-space: pre;" id="results"></div>
-
-
-<script type="text/javascript">
-let importObject = {
-  'imports': {
-    'log': log,
-  }
-};
-
-let results = document.getElementById('results');
-
-function log(txt)
-{
-  let span = document.createElement('span');
-  span.innerHTML = txt;
-  results.appendChild(span);
-  let br = document.createElement('br');
-  results.appendChild(br);
-}
-
-WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch('imported.wasm'), importObject)
-  .then(app => {
-    console.log(WebAssembly.Module.imports(app.module));
-    app.instance.exports.run(1, 1);
-    app.instance.exports.run(3, 5);
-    app.instance.exports.run(8, 19);
-    app.instance.exports.run(12, 127);
-    app.instance.exports.run(79, 193);
-  });
-</script>
-
-</body>
-</html>

examples/imported.py

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-@imported
-def log(no: i32) -> None:
-    pass
-
-@exported
-def run(a: i32, b: i32) -> None:
-    return log(a * b)

examples/include.js

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/***
+ * Allocates the given string in the given application's memory
+ */
+function alloc_bytes(app, data)
+{
+  let stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__ = app.instance.exports['stdlib.types.__alloc_bytes__']
+
+  if( typeof data == 'string' ) {
+    // TODO: Unicode
+    data = Uint8Array.from(data.split('').map(x => x.charCodeAt()));
+  }
+
+  let offset = stdlib_types___alloc_bytes__(data.length);
+  let i8arr = new Uint8Array(app.instance.exports.memory.buffer, offset + 4, data.length);
+  i8arr.set(data);
+
+  return offset;
+}
+
+/**
+ * WebAssembly's interface only gets you signed integers
+ *
+ * Getting unsigned values out requires some work.
+ */
+function i32_to_u32(n)
+{
+  return n >>> 0;
+}

examples/index.html

@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>Examples</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="main.css">
 </head>
 <body>
 <h1>Examples</h1>
-<h2>Standard</h2>
+
+<h2>Functions</h2>
 <ul>
   <li><a href="crc32.html">CRC32</a></li>
   <li><a href="fib.html">Fibonacci</a></li>
 </ul>
-<h2>Technical</h2>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="buffer.html">Buffer</a></li>
-  <li><a href="fold.html">Folding</a></li>
-  <li><a href="imported.html">Imported</a></li>
-</ul>
 </body>
 </html>

examples/main.css

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+:root {
+	/* CSS HEX */
+	--seasalt: #fcfafaff;
+	--silver: #c8d3d5ff;
+	--powder-blue: #a4b8c4ff;
+	--slate-gray: #6e8387ff;
+	--dark-pastel-green: #0cca4aff;
+}
+
+body {
+	background-color: var(--seasalt);
+	color: var(--slate-gray);
+}
+
+a {
+	color: var(--dark-pastel-green);
+	text-decoration: none;
+	font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+.menu {
+	border: 1px solid var(--powder-blue);
+	border-width: 1px 0px;
+	padding: 0.2em;
+	margin: 0.2em 0;
+}
+
+h3 {
+	border-top: 1px solid var(--powder-blue);
+	padding-top: 0.3em;
+}

phasm/__main__.py

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ Functions for using this module from CLI
 
 import sys
 
-from .parser import phasm_parse
 from .compiler import phasm_compile
+from .optimise.removeunusedfuncs import removeunusedfuncs
+from .parser import phasm_parse
+from .type5.solver import phasm_type5
+
 
 def main(source: str, sink: str) -> int:
     """
@@ -16,7 +19,9 @@ def main(source: str, sink: str) -> int:
         code_py = fil.read()
 
     our_module = phasm_parse(code_py)
+    phasm_type5(our_module, verbose=False)
     wasm_module = phasm_compile(our_module)
+    removeunusedfuncs(wasm_module)
     code_wat = wasm_module.to_wat()
 
     with open(sink, 'w') as fil:

phasm/build/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+"""
+The base class for build environments.
+
+Contains nothing but the explicit compiler builtins.
+"""
+from typing import NamedTuple, Protocol, Sequence, Type
+
+from ..type5 import constrainedexpr as type5constrainedexpr
+from ..type5 import kindexpr as type5kindexpr
+from ..type5 import record as type5record
+from ..type5 import typeexpr as type5typeexpr
+from ..typeclass import TypeClass
+from ..wasm import WasmType, WasmTypeInt32, WasmTypeNone
+from .typeclassregistry import TypeClassRegistry
+from .typerouter import TypeAllocSize, TypeName
+
+TypeInfo = NamedTuple('TypeInfo', [
+    # Name of the type
+    ('typ', str, ),
+    # What WebAssembly type to use when passing this value around
+    # For example in function arguments
+    ('wasm_type', Type[WasmType]),
+    # What WebAssembly function to use when loading a value from memory
+    ('wasm_load_func', str),
+    # What WebAssembly function to use when storing a value to memory
+    ('wasm_store_func', str),
+    # When storing this value in memory, how many bytes do we use?
+    # Only valid for non-constructed types, see calculate_alloc_size
+    # Should match wasm_load_func / wasm_store_func
+    ('alloc_size', int),
+    # When storing integers, the values can be stored as natural number
+    # (False) or as integer number (True). For other types, this is None.
+    ('signed', bool | None),
+])
+
+class MissingImplementationWarning(Warning):
+    pass
+
+class InternalImplementedMethodProtocol[G](Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, g: G, tv_map: dict[str, type5typeexpr.TypeExpr]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class BuildBase[G]:
+    __slots__ = (
+        'dynamic_array_type5_constructor',
+        'function_type5_constructor',
+        'static_array_type5_constructor',
+        'tuple_type5_constructor_map',
+
+        'none_type5',
+        'unit_type5',
+        'bool_type5',
+        'u8_type5',
+        'u32_type5',
+        'bytes_type5',
+
+        'type_info_map',
+        'type_info_constructed',
+
+        'types',
+        'type_classes',
+        'type_class_instances',
+        'methods',
+        'operators',
+
+        'type5_name',
+        'type5_alloc_size_root',
+        'type5_alloc_size_member',
+    )
+
+    dynamic_array_type5_constructor: type5typeexpr.TypeConstructor
+    """
+    Constructor for arrays of runtime deterined length.
+
+    See type5_make_dynamic_array and type5_is_dynamic_array.
+    """
+
+    function_type5_constructor: type5typeexpr.TypeConstructor
+    """
+    Constructor for functions.
+
+    See type5_make_function and type5_is_function.
+    """
+
+    static_array_type5_constructor: type5typeexpr.TypeConstructor
+    """
+    Constructor for arrays of compiled time determined length.
+
+    See type5_make_static_array and type5_is_static_array.
+    """
+
+    tuple_type5_constructor_map: dict[int, type5typeexpr.TypeConstructor]
+    """
+    Map for constructors for tuples of each length.
+
+    See type5_make_tuple and type5_is_tuple.
+    """
+
+    none_type5: type5typeexpr.AtomicType
+    """
+    The none type.
+
+    TODO: Not sure this should be a buildin (rather than a Maybe type).
+    """
+
+    unit_type5: type5typeexpr.AtomicType
+    """
+    The unit type has exactly one value and can always be constructed.
+
+    Use for functions that don't take any arguments or do not produce any result.
+    This only make sense for IO functions.
+
+    TODO: Is this not what Python calls None?
+    """
+
+    bool_type5: type5typeexpr.AtomicType
+    """
+    The bool type, either True or False.
+
+    Builtin since functions require a boolean value in their test.
+    """
+
+    u8_type5: type5typeexpr.AtomicType
+    """
+    The u8 type, an integer value between 0 and 255.
+
+    Builtin since we can have bytes literals - which are the same as u8[...].
+    """
+
+    u32_type5: type5typeexpr.AtomicType
+    """
+    The u32 type, an integer value between 0 and 4 294 967 295.
+
+    Builtin since we can use this for indexing arrays and since
+    we use this for the length prefix on dynamic arrays.
+    """
+
+    bytes_type5: type5typeexpr.TypeApplication
+    """
+    The bytes type, a dynamic array with u8 elements.
+
+    Builtin since we can have bytes literals.
+    """
+
+    type_info_map: dict[str, TypeInfo]
+    """
+    Map from type name to the info of that type
+    """
+
+    type_info_constructed: TypeInfo
+    """
+    By default, constructed types are passed as pointers
+    NOTE: ALLOC SIZE IN THIS STRUCT DOES NOT WORK FOR CONSTRUCTED TYPES
+    USE calculate_alloc_size FOR ACCURATE RESULTS
+    Functions count as constructed types - even though they are
+    not memory pointers but table addresses instead.
+    """
+
+    types: dict[str, type5typeexpr.TypeExpr]
+    """
+    Types that are available without explicit import.
+    """
+
+    type_classes: dict[str, TypeClass]
+    """
+    Type classes that are available without explicit import.
+    """
+
+    type_class_instances: dict[str, TypeClassRegistry[bool]]
+    """
+    Type class instances that are available without explicit import.
+    """
+
+    methods: dict[str, tuple[type5typeexpr.TypeExpr | type5constrainedexpr.ConstrainedExpr, TypeClassRegistry[InternalImplementedMethodProtocol[G]]]]
+    """
+    Methods that are available without explicit import.
+    """
+
+    operators: dict[str, tuple[type5typeexpr.TypeExpr | type5constrainedexpr.ConstrainedExpr, TypeClassRegistry[InternalImplementedMethodProtocol[G]]]]
+    """
+    Operators that are available without explicit import.
+    """
+
+    type5_name: TypeName
+    """
+    Helper router to turn types into their human readable names.
+    """
+
+    type5_alloc_size_root: TypeAllocSize
+    """
+    Helper router to turn types into their allocation sizes.
+
+    This calculates the value when allocated directly.
+    """
+
+    type5_alloc_size_member: TypeAllocSize
+    """
+    Helper router to turn types into their allocation sizes.
+
+    This calculates the value when allocated as a member, e.g. in a tuple or struct.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        S = type5kindexpr.Star()
+        N = type5kindexpr.Nat()
+
+        self.dynamic_array_type5_constructor = type5typeexpr.TypeConstructor(kind=S >> S, name="dynamic_array")
+        self.function_type5_constructor = type5typeexpr.TypeConstructor(kind=S >> (S >> S), name="function")
+        self.static_array_type5_constructor = type5typeexpr.TypeConstructor(kind=N >> (S >> S), name='static_array')
+        self.tuple_type5_constructor_map = {}
+
+        self.none_type5 = type5typeexpr.AtomicType('None')
+        self.unit_type5 = type5typeexpr.AtomicType('()')
+        self.bool_type5 = type5typeexpr.AtomicType('bool')
+        self.u8_type5 = type5typeexpr.AtomicType('u8')
+        self.u32_type5 = type5typeexpr.AtomicType('u32')
+        self.bytes_type5 = self.type5_make_dynamic_array(self.u8_type5)
+
+        self.type_info_map = {
+            'None': TypeInfo('None', WasmTypeNone, 'unreachable', 'unreachable', 0, None),
+            '()': TypeInfo('()', WasmTypeNone, 'unreachable', 'unreachable', 0, None),
+            'bool': TypeInfo('bool', WasmTypeInt32, 'unreachable', 'unreachable', 0, None),
+            'u8': TypeInfo('u8', WasmTypeInt32, 'i32.load8_u', 'i32.store8', 1, False),
+            'u32': TypeInfo('u32', WasmTypeInt32, 'i32.load', 'i32.store', 4, False),
+        }
+        self.type_info_constructed = TypeInfo('ptr', WasmTypeInt32, 'i32.load', 'i32.store', 4, False)
+
+        self.types = {
+            'None': self.none_type5,
+            '()': self.unit_type5,
+            'bool': self.bool_type5,
+            'u8': self.u8_type5,
+            'u32': self.u32_type5,
+            'bytes': self.bytes_type5,
+        }
+        self.type_classes = {}
+        self.type_class_instances = {}
+        self.methods = {}
+        self.operators = {}
+
+        self.type5_name = TypeName(self)
+        self.type5_alloc_size_root = TypeAllocSize(self, is_member=False)
+        self.type5_alloc_size_member = TypeAllocSize(self, is_member=True)
+
+    def register_type_class(self, cls: TypeClass) -> None:
+        assert cls.name not in self.type_classes, 'Duplicate typeclass name'
+
+        self.type_classes[cls.name] = cls
+        self.type_class_instances[cls.name] = TypeClassRegistry()
+
+        for mtd_nam, mtd_typ in cls.methods.items():
+            assert mtd_nam not in self.methods, 'Duplicate typeclass method name'
+            self.methods[mtd_nam] = (mtd_typ, TypeClassRegistry(), )
+
+        for opr_nam, opr_typ in cls.operators.items():
+            assert opr_nam not in self.operators, 'Duplicate typeclass operator name'
+            self.operators[opr_nam] = (opr_typ, TypeClassRegistry(), )
+
+    def instance_type_class(
+            self,
+            cls: TypeClass,
+            *args: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr,
+            methods: dict[str, InternalImplementedMethodProtocol[G]] = {},
+            operators: dict[str, InternalImplementedMethodProtocol[G]] = {},
+        ) -> None:
+        self.type_class_instances[cls.name].add(args, True)
+
+        assert len(cls.variables) == len(args)
+
+        for mtd_nam, mtd_imp in methods.items():
+            mtd_typ, mtd_rtr = self.methods[mtd_nam]
+
+            if isinstance(mtd_typ, type5constrainedexpr.ConstrainedExpr):
+                mtd_typ = mtd_typ.expr
+
+            for var, rep_expr in zip(cls.variables, args, strict=True):
+                mtd_typ = type5typeexpr.replace_variable(mtd_typ, var, rep_expr)
+
+            mtd_rtr.add((mtd_typ, ), mtd_imp)
+
+        for opr_nam, opr_imp in operators.items():
+            mtd_typ, opr_rtr = self.operators[opr_nam]
+
+            if isinstance(mtd_typ, type5constrainedexpr.ConstrainedExpr):
+                mtd_typ = mtd_typ.expr
+
+            for var, rep_expr in zip(cls.variables, args, strict=True):
+                mtd_typ = type5typeexpr.replace_variable(mtd_typ, var, rep_expr)
+
+            opr_rtr.add((mtd_typ, ), opr_imp)
+
+    def type5_make_function(self, args: Sequence[type5typeexpr.TypeExpr]) -> type5typeexpr.TypeExpr:
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError("Functions must at least have a return type")
+
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            # Functions always take an argument
+            # To distinguish between a function without arguments and a value
+            # of the type, we have a unit type
+            # This type has one value so it can always be called
+            args = [self.unit_type5, *args]
+
+        res_type5 = None
+
+        for arg_type5 in reversed(args):
+            if res_type5 is None:
+                res_type5 = arg_type5
+                continue
+
+            res_type5 = type5typeexpr.TypeApplication(
+                constructor=type5typeexpr.TypeApplication(
+                    constructor=self.function_type5_constructor,
+                    argument=arg_type5,
+                ),
+                argument=res_type5,
+            )
+
+        assert res_type5 is not None  # type hint
+
+        return res_type5
+
+    def type5_is_function(self, typeexpr: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr | type5constrainedexpr.ConstrainedExpr) -> list[type5typeexpr.TypeExpr] | None:
+        if isinstance(typeexpr, type5constrainedexpr.ConstrainedExpr):
+            typeexpr = typeexpr.expr
+
+        if not isinstance(typeexpr, type5typeexpr.TypeApplication):
+            return None
+        if not isinstance(typeexpr.constructor, type5typeexpr.TypeApplication):
+            return None
+        if typeexpr.constructor.constructor != self.function_type5_constructor:
+            return None
+
+        arg0 = typeexpr.constructor.argument
+        if arg0 is self.unit_type5:
+            my_args = []
+        else:
+            my_args = [arg0]
+
+        arg1 = typeexpr.argument
+        more_args = self.type5_is_function(arg1)
+        if more_args is None:
+            return my_args + [arg1]
+
+        return my_args + more_args
+
+    def type5_make_tuple(self, args: Sequence[type5typeexpr.TypeExpr]) -> type5typeexpr.TypeApplication:
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError("Tuples must at least one field")
+
+        arlen = len(args)
+        constructor = self.tuple_type5_constructor_map.get(arlen)
+        if constructor is None:
+            star = type5kindexpr.Star()
+
+            kind: type5kindexpr.Arrow = star >> star
+            for _ in range(len(args) - 1):
+                kind = star >> kind
+            constructor = type5typeexpr.TypeConstructor(kind=kind, name=f'tuple_{arlen}')
+            self.tuple_type5_constructor_map[arlen] = constructor
+
+        result: type5typeexpr.TypeApplication | None = None
+
+        for arg in args:
+            if result is None:
+                result = type5typeexpr.TypeApplication(
+                    constructor=constructor,
+                    argument=arg
+                )
+                continue
+
+            result = type5typeexpr.TypeApplication(
+                constructor=result,
+                argument=arg
+            )
+
+        assert result is not None  # type hint
+        return result
+
+    def type5_is_tuple(self, typeexpr: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr) -> list[type5typeexpr.TypeExpr] | None:
+        arg_list = []
+
+        while isinstance(typeexpr, type5typeexpr.TypeApplication):
+            arg_list.append(typeexpr.argument)
+            typeexpr = typeexpr.constructor
+
+        if not isinstance(typeexpr, type5typeexpr.TypeConstructor):
+            return None
+
+        if typeexpr not in self.tuple_type5_constructor_map.values():
+            return None
+
+        return list(reversed(arg_list))
+
+    def type5_make_struct(self, name: str, fields: tuple[tuple[str, type5typeexpr.AtomicType | type5typeexpr.TypeApplication], ...]) -> type5record.Record:
+        return type5record.Record(name, fields)
+
+    def type5_is_struct(self, arg: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr) -> tuple[tuple[str, type5typeexpr.AtomicType | type5typeexpr.TypeApplication], ...] | None:
+        if not isinstance(arg, type5record.Record):
+            return None
+
+        return arg.fields
+
+    def type5_make_dynamic_array(self, arg: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr) -> type5typeexpr.TypeApplication:
+        return type5typeexpr.TypeApplication(
+            constructor=self.dynamic_array_type5_constructor,
+            argument=arg,
+        )
+
+    def type5_is_dynamic_array(self, typeexpr: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr) -> type5typeexpr.TypeExpr | None:
+        """
+        Check if the given type expr is a concrete dynamic array type.
+
+        The element argument type is returned if so. Else, None is returned.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(typeexpr, type5typeexpr.TypeApplication):
+            return None
+        if typeexpr.constructor != self.dynamic_array_type5_constructor:
+            return None
+
+        return typeexpr.argument
+
+    def type5_make_static_array(self, len: int, arg: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr) -> type5typeexpr.TypeApplication:
+        return type5typeexpr.TypeApplication(
+            constructor=type5typeexpr.TypeApplication(
+                constructor=self.static_array_type5_constructor,
+                argument=type5typeexpr.TypeLevelNat(len),
+            ),
+            argument=arg,
+        )
+
+    def type5_is_static_array(self, typeexpr: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr) -> tuple[int, type5typeexpr.TypeExpr] | None:
+        if not isinstance(typeexpr, type5typeexpr.TypeApplication):
+            return None
+        if not isinstance(typeexpr.constructor, type5typeexpr.TypeApplication):
+            return None
+        if typeexpr.constructor.constructor != self.static_array_type5_constructor:
+            return None
+
+        assert isinstance(typeexpr.constructor.argument, type5typeexpr.TypeLevelNat)  # type hint
+
+        return (
+            typeexpr.constructor.argument.value,
+            typeexpr.argument,
+        )

phasm/build/default.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+"""
+The default class for build environments.
+
+Contains the compiler builtins as well as some sane defaults.
+"""
+from ..type5 import typeexpr as type5typeexpr
+from ..wasm import (
+    WasmTypeFloat32,
+    WasmTypeFloat64,
+    WasmTypeInt32,
+    WasmTypeInt64,
+)
+from ..wasmgenerator import Generator
+from .base import BuildBase, TypeInfo
+from .typeclasses import (
+    bits,
+    convertable,
+    eq,
+    extendable,
+    floating,
+    foldable,
+    fractional,
+    integral,
+    intnum,
+    natnum,
+    ord,
+    promotable,
+    reinterpretable,
+    sized,
+    subscriptable,
+)
+
+
+class BuildDefault(BuildBase[Generator]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.type_info_map.update({
+            'u16': TypeInfo('u16', WasmTypeInt32, 'i32.load16_u', 'i32.store16', 2, False),
+            'u64': TypeInfo('u64', WasmTypeInt64, 'i64.load', 'i64.store', 8, False),
+            'i8': TypeInfo('i8', WasmTypeInt32, 'i32.load8_s', 'i32.store8', 1, True),
+            'i16': TypeInfo('i16', WasmTypeInt32, 'i32.load16_s', 'i32.store16', 2, True),
+            'i32': TypeInfo('i32', WasmTypeInt32, 'i32.load', 'i32.store', 4, True),
+            'i64': TypeInfo('i64', WasmTypeInt64, 'i64.load', 'i64.store', 8, True),
+            'f32': TypeInfo('f32', WasmTypeFloat32, 'f32.load', 'f32.store', 4, None),
+            'f64': TypeInfo('f64', WasmTypeFloat64, 'f64.load', 'f64.store', 8, None),
+        })
+
+        self.types.update({
+            'u16': type5typeexpr.AtomicType('u16'),
+            'u64': type5typeexpr.AtomicType('u64'),
+            'i8': type5typeexpr.AtomicType('i8'),
+            'i16': type5typeexpr.AtomicType('i16'),
+            'i32': type5typeexpr.AtomicType('i32'),
+            'i64': type5typeexpr.AtomicType('i64'),
+            'f32': type5typeexpr.AtomicType('f32'),
+            'f64': type5typeexpr.AtomicType('f64'),
+        })
+
+        tc_list = [
+            bits,
+            eq, ord,
+            extendable, promotable,
+            convertable, reinterpretable,
+            natnum, intnum, fractional, floating,
+                            integral,
+            foldable, subscriptable,
+            sized,
+        ]
+
+        for tc in tc_list:
+            tc.load(self)
+
+        for tc in tc_list:
+            tc.wasm(self)

phasm/build/typeclasses/bits.py

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+"""
+The Bits type class is defined for types that can be bit manipulated.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+    u32 = build.types['u32']
+
+    Bits = TypeClass('Bits', (a, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_bits_a = TypeClassConstraint(Bits, [a])
+
+    fn_a_u32_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, u32, a]),
+        constraints=(has_bits_a, ),
+    )
+
+    fn_a_a_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, a, a]),
+        constraints=(has_bits_a, ),
+    )
+
+    Bits.methods = {
+        'shl': fn_a_u32_a, # Logical shift left
+        'shr': fn_a_u32_a, # Logical shift right
+        'rotl': fn_a_u32_a, # Rotate bits left
+        'rotr': fn_a_u32_a, # Rotate bits right
+        # FIXME: Do we want to expose clz, ctz, popcnt?
+    }
+
+    Bits.operators = {
+        '&': fn_a_a_a, # Bit-wise and
+        '|': fn_a_a_a, # Bit-wise or
+        '^': fn_a_a_a, # Bit-wise xor
+    }
+
+    build.register_type_class(Bits)
+
+def wasm_u8_logical_shift_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.shl()
+    g.i32.const(0xFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_u16_logical_shift_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.shl()
+    g.i32.const(0xFFFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_u32_logical_shift_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.shl()
+
+def wasm_u64_logical_shift_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+    g.i64.shl()
+
+def wasm_u8_logical_shift_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.shr_u()
+
+def wasm_u16_logical_shift_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.shr_u()
+
+def wasm_u32_logical_shift_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.shr_u()
+
+def wasm_u64_logical_shift_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+    g.i64.shr_u()
+
+def wasm_u8_rotate_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u8_rotl__')
+
+def wasm_u16_rotate_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u16_rotl__')
+
+def wasm_u32_rotate_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.rotl()
+
+def wasm_u64_rotate_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+    g.i64.rotl()
+
+def wasm_u8_rotate_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u8_rotr__')
+
+def wasm_u16_rotate_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u16_rotr__')
+
+def wasm_u32_rotate_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.rotr()
+
+def wasm_u64_rotate_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+    g.i64.rotr()
+
+def wasm_u8_bitwise_and(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_u16_bitwise_and(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_u32_bitwise_and(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_u64_bitwise_and(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.and_()
+
+def wasm_u8_bitwise_or(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.or_()
+
+def wasm_u16_bitwise_or(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.or_()
+
+def wasm_u32_bitwise_or(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.or_()
+
+def wasm_u64_bitwise_or(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.or_()
+
+def wasm_u8_bitwise_xor(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.xor()
+
+def wasm_u16_bitwise_xor(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.xor()
+
+def wasm_u32_bitwise_xor(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.xor()
+
+def wasm_u64_bitwise_xor(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.xor()
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Bits = build.type_classes['Bits']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Bits, build.types['u8'], methods={
+        'shl': wasm_u8_logical_shift_left,
+        'shr': wasm_u8_logical_shift_right,
+        'rotl': wasm_u8_rotate_left,
+        'rotr': wasm_u8_rotate_right,
+    }, operators={
+        '&': wasm_u8_bitwise_and,
+        '|': wasm_u8_bitwise_or,
+        '^': wasm_u8_bitwise_xor,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Bits, build.types['u16'], methods={
+        'shl': wasm_u16_logical_shift_left,
+        'shr': wasm_u16_logical_shift_right,
+        'rotl': wasm_u16_rotate_left,
+        'rotr': wasm_u16_rotate_right,
+    }, operators={
+        '&': wasm_u16_bitwise_and,
+        '|': wasm_u16_bitwise_or,
+        '^': wasm_u16_bitwise_xor,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Bits, build.types['u32'], methods={
+        'shl': wasm_u32_logical_shift_left,
+        'shr': wasm_u32_logical_shift_right,
+        'rotl': wasm_u32_rotate_left,
+        'rotr': wasm_u32_rotate_right,
+    }, operators={
+        '&': wasm_u32_bitwise_and,
+        '|': wasm_u32_bitwise_or,
+        '^': wasm_u32_bitwise_xor,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Bits, build.types['u64'], methods={
+        'shl': wasm_u64_logical_shift_left,
+        'shr': wasm_u64_logical_shift_right,
+        'rotl': wasm_u64_rotate_left,
+        'rotr': wasm_u64_rotate_right,
+    }, operators={
+        '&': wasm_u64_bitwise_and,
+        '|': wasm_u64_bitwise_or,
+        '^': wasm_u64_bitwise_xor,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/convertable.py

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+"""
+The Convertable type class is defined for when a value from one type can be
+converted to another type - but there's no real guarantee about precision or
+value loss.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+    b = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='b')
+
+    Convertable = TypeClass('Convertable', (a, b, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_convertable_a_b = TypeClassConstraint(Convertable, [a, b])
+
+    fn_a_b = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a, b},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, b]),
+        constraints=(has_convertable_a_b, ),
+    )
+
+    fn_b_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a, b},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([b, a]),
+        constraints=(has_convertable_a_b, ),
+    )
+
+    Convertable.methods = {
+        'convert': fn_a_b,
+        'truncate': fn_b_a,  # To prevent name clas with Fractional
+    }
+
+    build.register_type_class(Convertable)
+
+def wasm_u32_f32_convert(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.convert_i32_u()
+
+def wasm_u32_f64_convert(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.convert_i32_u()
+
+def wasm_u64_f32_convert(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.convert_i64_u()
+
+def wasm_u64_f64_convert(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.convert_i64_u()
+
+def wasm_i32_f32_convert(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.convert_i32_s()
+
+def wasm_i32_f64_convert(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.convert_i32_s()
+
+def wasm_i64_f32_convert(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.convert_i64_s()
+
+def wasm_i64_f64_convert(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.convert_i64_s()
+
+def wasm_u32_f32_truncate(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.trunc_f32_u()
+
+def wasm_u32_f64_truncate(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.trunc_f64_u()
+
+def wasm_u64_f32_truncate(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.trunc_f32_u()
+
+def wasm_u64_f64_truncate(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.trunc_f64_u()
+
+def wasm_i32_f32_truncate(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.trunc_f32_s()
+
+def wasm_i32_f64_truncate(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.trunc_f64_s()
+
+def wasm_i64_f32_truncate(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.trunc_f32_s()
+
+def wasm_i64_f64_truncate(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.trunc_f64_s()
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Convertable = build.type_classes['Convertable']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Convertable, build.types['u32'], build.types['f32'], methods={
+        'convert': wasm_u32_f32_convert,
+        'truncate': wasm_u32_f32_truncate,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Convertable, build.types['u32'], build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'convert': wasm_u32_f64_convert,
+        'truncate': wasm_u32_f64_truncate,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Convertable, build.types['u64'], build.types['f32'], methods={
+        'convert': wasm_u64_f32_convert,
+        'truncate': wasm_u64_f32_truncate,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Convertable, build.types['u64'], build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'convert': wasm_u64_f64_convert,
+        'truncate': wasm_u64_f64_truncate,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Convertable, build.types['i32'], build.types['f32'], methods={
+        'convert': wasm_i32_f32_convert,
+        'truncate': wasm_i32_f32_truncate,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Convertable, build.types['i32'], build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'convert': wasm_i32_f64_convert,
+        'truncate': wasm_i32_f64_truncate,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Convertable, build.types['i64'], build.types['f32'], methods={
+        'convert': wasm_i64_f32_convert,
+        'truncate': wasm_i64_f32_truncate,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Convertable, build.types['i64'], build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'convert': wasm_i64_f64_convert,
+        'truncate': wasm_i64_f64_truncate,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/eq.py

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+"""
+The Eq type class is defined for types that can be compered based on equality.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+
+    Eq = TypeClass('Eq', (a, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_eq_a = TypeClassConstraint(Eq, [a])
+
+    fn_a_a_bool = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, a, build.bool_type5]),
+        constraints=(has_eq_a, ),
+    )
+
+    Eq.operators = {
+        '==': fn_a_a_bool,
+        '!=': fn_a_a_bool,
+        # FIXME: Do we want to expose 'eqz'? Or is that a compiler optimization?
+    }
+
+    build.register_type_class(Eq)
+
+def wasm_u8_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.eq()
+
+def wasm_u16_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.eq()
+
+def wasm_u32_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.eq()
+
+def wasm_u64_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.eq()
+
+def wasm_i8_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.eq()
+
+def wasm_i16_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.eq()
+
+def wasm_i32_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.eq()
+
+def wasm_i64_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.eq()
+
+def wasm_f32_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.eq()
+
+def wasm_f64_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.eq()
+
+def wasm_u8_not_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ne()
+
+def wasm_u16_not_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ne()
+
+def wasm_u32_not_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ne()
+
+def wasm_u64_not_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.ne()
+
+def wasm_i8_not_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ne()
+
+def wasm_i16_not_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ne()
+
+def wasm_i32_not_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ne()
+
+def wasm_i64_not_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.ne()
+
+def wasm_f32_not_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.ne()
+
+def wasm_f64_not_equals(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.ne()
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Eq = build.type_classes['Eq']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Eq, build.types['u8'], operators={
+        '==': wasm_u8_equals,
+        '!=': wasm_u8_not_equals,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Eq, build.types['u16'], operators={
+        '==': wasm_u16_equals,
+        '!=': wasm_u16_not_equals,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Eq, build.types['u32'], operators={
+        '==': wasm_u32_equals,
+        '!=': wasm_u32_not_equals,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Eq, build.types['u64'], operators={
+        '==': wasm_u64_equals,
+        '!=': wasm_u64_not_equals,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Eq, build.types['i8'], operators={
+        '==': wasm_i8_equals,
+        '!=': wasm_i8_not_equals,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Eq, build.types['i16'], operators={
+        '==': wasm_i16_equals,
+        '!=': wasm_i16_not_equals,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Eq, build.types['i32'], operators={
+        '==': wasm_i32_equals,
+        '!=': wasm_i32_not_equals,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Eq, build.types['i64'], operators={
+        '==': wasm_i64_equals,
+        '!=': wasm_i64_not_equals,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Eq, build.types['f32'], operators={
+        '==': wasm_f32_equals,
+        '!=': wasm_f32_not_equals,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Eq, build.types['f64'], operators={
+        '==': wasm_f64_equals,
+        '!=': wasm_f64_not_equals,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/extendable.py

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+"""
+The Extendable type class is defined for types that can safely be extended to a type
+that can hold strictly more values. Going back will result in some values being lost.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+    b = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='b')
+
+    Extendable = TypeClass('Extendable', (a, b, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_extendable_a_b = TypeClassConstraint(Extendable, [a, b])
+
+    fn_a_b = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a, b},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, b]),
+        constraints=(has_extendable_a_b, ),
+    )
+
+    fn_b_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a, b},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([b, a]),
+        constraints=(has_extendable_a_b, ),
+    )
+
+    Extendable.methods = {
+        'extend': fn_a_b,
+        'wrap': fn_b_a,
+    }
+
+    build.register_type_class(Extendable)
+
+def wasm_u8_u16_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    # No-op
+    # u8 and u16 are both stored as u32
+    pass
+
+def wasm_u8_u32_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    # No-op
+    # u8 is already stored as u32
+    pass
+
+def wasm_u8_u64_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+
+def wasm_u16_u32_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    # No-op
+    # u16 is already stored as u32
+    pass
+
+def wasm_u16_u64_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+
+def wasm_u32_u64_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+
+def wasm_i8_i16_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    # No-op
+    # i8 is already stored as i32
+    pass
+
+def wasm_i8_i32_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    # No-op
+    # i8 is already stored as i32
+    pass
+
+def wasm_i8_i64_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_s()
+
+def wasm_i16_i32_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    # No-op
+    # i16 is already stored as i32
+    pass
+
+def wasm_i16_i64_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_s()
+
+def wasm_i32_i64_extend(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_s()
+
+def wasm_u8_u16_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.const(0xFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_u8_u32_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.const(0xFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_u8_u64_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.wrap_i64()
+    g.i32.const(0xFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_u16_u32_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.const(0xFFFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_u16_u64_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.wrap_i64()
+    g.i32.const(0xFFFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_u32_u64_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.wrap_i64()
+
+def wasm_i8_i16_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.const(0xFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_i8_i32_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.const(0xFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_i8_i64_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.wrap_i64()
+    g.i32.const(0xFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_i16_i32_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.const(0xFFFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_i16_i64_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.wrap_i64()
+    g.i32.const(0xFFFF)
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+def wasm_i32_i64_wrap(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.wrap_i64()
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Extendable = build.type_classes['Extendable']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['u8'], build.types['u16'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_u8_u16_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_u8_u16_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['u8'], build.types['u32'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_u8_u32_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_u8_u32_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['u8'], build.types['u64'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_u8_u64_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_u8_u64_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['u16'], build.types['u32'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_u16_u32_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_u16_u32_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['u16'], build.types['u64'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_u16_u64_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_u16_u64_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['u32'], build.types['u64'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_u32_u64_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_u32_u64_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['i8'], build.types['i16'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_i8_i16_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_i8_i16_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['i8'], build.types['i32'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_i8_i32_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_i8_i32_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['i8'], build.types['i64'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_i8_i64_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_i8_i64_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['i16'], build.types['i32'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_i16_i32_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_i16_i32_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['i16'], build.types['i64'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_i16_i64_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_i16_i64_wrap,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Extendable, build.types['i32'], build.types['i64'], methods={
+        'extend': wasm_i32_i64_extend,
+        'wrap': wasm_i32_i64_wrap,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/floating.py

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""
+The Floating type class is defined for Real numbers.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+
+    Floating = TypeClass('Floating', (a, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_floating_a = TypeClassConstraint(Floating, [a])
+
+    fn_a_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, a]),
+        constraints=(has_floating_a, ),
+    )
+
+    Floating.methods = {
+        'sqrt': fn_a_a
+    }
+
+    # FIXME: inherited_classes=[Fractional]
+    # FIXME: Do we want to expose copysign?
+
+    build.register_type_class(Floating)
+
+def wasm_f32_sqrt(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('f32.sqrt')
+
+def wasm_f64_sqrt(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('f64.sqrt')
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Floating = build.type_classes['Floating']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Floating, build.types['f32'], methods={
+        'sqrt': wasm_f32_sqrt,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Floating, build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'sqrt': wasm_f64_sqrt,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/foldable.py

@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+"""
+The Foldable type class is defined for when a value iterated over.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Nat, Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import (
+    TypeApplication,
+    TypeExpr,
+    TypeLevelNat,
+    TypeVariable,
+    replace_variable,
+)
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase, InternalImplementedMethodProtocol
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+    b = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='b')
+    t = TypeVariable(kind=Star() >> Star(), name='t')
+    t_a = TypeApplication(constructor=t, argument=a)
+
+    NatNum = build.type_classes['NatNum']
+
+    Foldable = TypeClass('Foldable', (t, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_foldable_t = TypeClassConstraint(Foldable, [t])
+    has_natnum_a = TypeClassConstraint(NatNum, [a])
+
+    fn_sum = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={t, a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([t_a, a]),
+        constraints=(has_foldable_t, has_natnum_a, ),
+    )
+
+    fn_b_a_b = build.type5_make_function([b, a, b])
+    fn_foldl = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={t, a, b},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([fn_b_a_b, b, t_a, b]),
+        constraints=(has_foldable_t, ),
+    )
+
+    fn_a_b_b = build.type5_make_function([a, b, b])
+    fn_foldr = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={t, a, b},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([fn_a_b_b, b, t_a, b]),
+        constraints=(has_foldable_t, ),
+    )
+
+    Foldable.methods = {
+        'sum': fn_sum,
+        'foldl': fn_foldl,
+        'foldr': fn_foldr,
+    }
+
+    build.register_type_class(Foldable)
+
+class FoldableCodeGenerator:
+    def __init__(self, build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+        self.build = build
+
+    def get_natnum(self, sa_type: TypeExpr) -> tuple[dict[str, TypeExpr], InternalImplementedMethodProtocol[WasmGenerator]]:
+        natnum_type, natnum_router = self.build.operators['+']
+        assert isinstance(natnum_type, ConstrainedExpr)
+        assert len(natnum_type.variables) == 1
+        natnum_a = next(iter(natnum_type.variables))
+        natnum_type = replace_variable(natnum_type.expr, natnum_a, sa_type)
+        impl_lookup = natnum_router.get((natnum_type, ))
+        assert impl_lookup is not None
+        return impl_lookup
+
+    def wasm_dynamic_array_sum(self, g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: dict[str, TypeExpr]) -> None:
+        sa_type = tv_map['a']
+
+        ptr_type_info = self.build.type_info_constructed
+        sa_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(sa_type.name)
+        if sa_type_info is None:
+            sa_type_info = ptr_type_info
+
+        natnum_kwargs, natnum_impl = self.get_natnum(sa_type)
+
+        # Definitions
+        sum_adr = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'sum_adr')
+        sum_stop = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'sum_stop')
+
+        with g.block(params=['i32'], result=sa_type_info.wasm_type):
+            # Stack: [adr] -> []  ; sum_adr=ard
+            g.local.set(sum_adr)
+
+            # Stack: []  ; sum_stop = adr + 4 + len(adr) * sa_type_info.alloc_size
+            g.nop(comment='Calculate address at which to stop looping')
+            g.local.get(sum_adr)
+            g.i32.load()
+            g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+            g.i32.mul()
+            g.local.get(sum_adr)
+            g.i32.add()
+
+            g.i32.const(4)
+            g.i32.add()
+            g.local.set(sum_stop)
+
+            # Stack: [] -> [sum]  ; sum_adr += 4
+            g.nop(comment='Get the first array value as starting point')
+            g.local.get(sum_adr)
+            g.i32.const(4)
+            g.i32.add()
+            g.local.tee(sum_adr)
+            g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+
+            # Since we did the first one, increase adr
+            # Stack: [sum] -> [sum]  ; sum_adr = sum_adr + sa_type_info.alloc_size
+            g.local.get(sum_adr)
+            g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+            g.i32.add()
+            g.local.set(sum_adr)
+
+            g.local.get(sum_adr)
+            g.local.get(sum_stop)
+            g.i32.lt_u()
+            with g.if_(params=[sa_type_info.wasm_type], result=sa_type_info.wasm_type):
+                with g.loop(params=[sa_type_info.wasm_type], result=sa_type_info.wasm_type):
+                    # sum = sum + *adr
+                    # Stack: [sum] -> [sum + *adr]
+                    g.nop(comment='Add array value')
+                    g.local.get(sum_adr)
+                    g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+                    natnum_impl(g, natnum_kwargs)
+
+                    # adr = adr + sa_type_info.alloc_size
+                    # Stack: [sum] -> [sum]
+                    g.nop(comment='Calculate address of the next value')
+                    g.local.get(sum_adr)
+                    g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+                    g.i32.add()
+                    g.local.tee(sum_adr)
+
+                    # loop if adr < stop
+                    g.nop(comment='Check if address exceeds array bounds')
+                    g.local.get(sum_stop)
+                    g.i32.lt_u()
+                    g.br_if(0)
+            # else: sum x[1] === x => so we don't need to loop
+
+            # End result: [sum]
+
+    def wasm_static_array_sum(self, g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: dict[str, TypeExpr]) -> None:
+        sa_type = tv_map['a']
+        sa_len = tv_map['n']
+
+        assert isinstance(sa_len, TypeLevelNat)
+
+        if sa_len.value < 1:
+            raise NotImplementedError('Default value in case sum is empty')
+
+        ptr_type_info = self.build.type_info_constructed
+        sa_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(sa_type.name)
+        if sa_type_info is None:
+            sa_type_info = ptr_type_info
+
+        natnum_kwargs, natnum_impl = self.get_natnum(sa_type)
+
+        # Definitions
+        sum_adr = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'sum_adr')
+        sum_stop = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'sum_stop')
+
+        # Stack before: [adr]
+        # Stack after:  [sum]
+
+        # adr = {address of what's currently on stack}
+        # Stack: [adr] -> []
+        g.nop(comment=f'Start sum for {sa_type.name}[{sa_len.value}]')
+        g.local.set(sum_adr)
+
+        # stop = adr + ar_len * sa_type_info.alloc_size
+        # Stack: []
+        g.nop(comment='Calculate address at which to stop looping')
+        g.local.get(sum_adr)
+        g.i32.const(sa_len.value * sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+        g.i32.add()
+        g.local.set(sum_stop)
+
+        # sum = *adr
+        # Stack: [] -> [sum]
+        g.nop(comment='Get the first array value as starting point')
+        g.local.get(sum_adr)
+        g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+
+        # Since we did the first one, increase adr
+        # adr = adr + sa_type_info.alloc_size
+        # Stack: [sum] -> [sum]
+        g.local.get(sum_adr)
+        g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+        g.i32.add()
+        g.local.set(sum_adr)
+
+        if sa_len.value > 1:
+            with g.loop(params=[sa_type_info.wasm_type], result=sa_type_info.wasm_type):
+                # sum = sum + *adr
+                # Stack: [sum] -> [sum + *adr]
+                g.nop(comment='Add array value')
+                g.local.get(sum_adr)
+                g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+                natnum_impl(g, natnum_kwargs)
+
+                # adr = adr + sa_type_info.alloc_size
+                # Stack: [sum] -> [sum]
+                g.nop(comment='Calculate address of the next value')
+                g.local.get(sum_adr)
+                g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+                g.i32.add()
+                g.local.tee(sum_adr)
+
+                # loop if adr < stop
+                g.nop(comment='Check if address exceeds array bounds')
+                g.local.get(sum_stop)
+                g.i32.lt_u()
+                g.br_if(0)
+        # else: sum x[1] === x => so we don't need to loop
+
+        g.nop(comment=f'Completed sum for {sa_type.name}[{sa_len.value}]')
+        # End result: [sum]
+
+    def wasm_dynamic_array_foldl(self, g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: dict[str, TypeExpr]) -> None:
+        sa_type = tv_map['a']
+        res_type = tv_map['b']
+
+        ptr_type_info = self.build.type_info_constructed
+        u32_type_info = self.build.type_info_map['u32']
+
+        sa_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(sa_type.name)
+        if sa_type_info is None:
+            sa_type_info = ptr_type_info
+        res_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(res_type.name)
+        if res_type_info is None:
+            res_type_info = ptr_type_info
+
+        # Definitions
+        fold_adr = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_adr')
+        fold_stop = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_stop')
+        fold_init = g.temp_var_t(res_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_init')
+        fold_func = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_func')
+        fold_len = g.temp_var_t(u32_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_len')
+
+        with g.block(params=['i32', res_type_info.wasm_type, 'i32'], result=res_type_info.wasm_type, comment=f'foldl a={sa_type.name} b={res_type.name}'):
+            # Stack: [fn*, b, sa*] -> [fn*, b]
+            g.local.tee(fold_adr)  # Store address, but also keep it for loading the length
+            g.i32.load()  # Load the length
+            g.local.set(fold_len)  # Store the length
+
+            # Stack: [fn*, b] -> [fn*]
+            g.local.set(fold_init)
+            # Stack: [fn*] -> []
+            g.local.set(fold_func)
+
+            # Stack: [] -> [b]
+            g.nop(comment='No applications if array is empty')
+            g.local.get(fold_init)
+            g.local.get(fold_len)
+            g.i32.eqz() # If the array is empty
+            g.br_if(0)  # Then the base value is the result
+
+            # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_adr=fold_adr + 4
+            g.nop(comment='Skip the header')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.i32.const(4)
+            g.i32.add()
+            g.local.set(fold_adr)
+
+            # Stack: [b] -> [b]
+            g.nop(comment='Apply the first function call')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+            g.local.get(fold_func)
+            g.call_indirect([res_type_info.wasm_type, sa_type_info.wasm_type], res_type_info.wasm_type)
+
+            # Stack: [b] -> [b]
+            g.nop(comment='No loop if there is only one item')
+            g.local.get(fold_len)
+            g.i32.const(1)
+            g.i32.eq()
+            g.br_if(0)  # just one value, don't need to loop
+
+            # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_stop=fold_adr + (sa_len.value * sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+            g.nop(comment='Calculate address at which to stop looping')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.local.get(fold_len)
+            g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+            g.i32.mul()
+            g.i32.add()
+            g.local.set(fold_stop)
+
+            # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_adr = fold_adr + sa_type_info.alloc_size
+            g.nop(comment='Calculate address of the next value')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+            g.i32.add()
+            g.local.set(fold_adr)
+
+            with g.loop(params=[res_type_info.wasm_type], result=res_type_info.wasm_type):
+                # Stack: [b] -> [b]
+                g.nop(comment='Apply function call')
+                g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+                g.local.get(fold_func)
+                g.call_indirect([res_type_info.wasm_type, sa_type_info.wasm_type], res_type_info.wasm_type)
+
+                # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_adr = fold_adr + sa_type_info.alloc_size
+                g.nop(comment='Calculate address of the next value')
+                g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+                g.i32.add()
+                g.local.tee(fold_adr)
+
+                # loop if adr > stop
+                # Stack: [b] -> [b]
+                g.nop(comment='Check if address exceeds array bounds')
+                g.local.get(fold_stop)
+                g.i32.lt_u()
+                g.br_if(0)
+
+        # Stack: [b]
+
+    def wasm_static_array_foldl(self, g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: dict[str, TypeExpr]) -> None:
+        sa_type = tv_map['a']
+        sa_len = tv_map['n']
+        res_type = tv_map['b']
+
+        assert isinstance(sa_len, TypeLevelNat)
+
+        ptr_type_info = self.build.type_info_constructed
+
+        sa_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(sa_type.name)
+        if sa_type_info is None:
+            sa_type_info = ptr_type_info
+        res_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(res_type.name)
+        if res_type_info is None:
+            res_type_info = ptr_type_info
+
+        # Definitions
+        fold_adr = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_adr')
+        fold_stop = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_stop')
+        fold_init = g.temp_var_t(res_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_init')
+        fold_func = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_func')
+
+        with g.block(params=['i32', res_type_info.wasm_type, 'i32'], result=res_type_info.wasm_type, comment=f'foldl a={sa_type.name} n={sa_len.value} b={res_type.name}'):
+            # Stack: [fn*, b, sa*] -> [fn*, b]
+            g.local.set(fold_adr)
+            # Stack: [fn*, b] -> [fn*]
+            g.local.set(fold_init)
+            # Stack: [fn*] -> []
+            g.local.set(fold_func)
+
+            if sa_len.value < 1:
+                g.local.get(fold_init)
+                return
+
+            # Stack: [] -> [b]
+            g.nop(comment='Apply the first function call')
+            g.local.get(fold_init)
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+            g.local.get(fold_func)
+            g.call_indirect([res_type_info.wasm_type, sa_type_info.wasm_type], res_type_info.wasm_type)
+
+            if sa_len.value > 1:
+                # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_stop=fold_adr + (sa_len.value * sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+                g.nop(comment='Calculate address at which to stop looping')
+                g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                g.i32.const(sa_len.value * sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+                g.i32.add()
+                g.local.set(fold_stop)
+
+                # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_adr = fold_adr + sa_type_info.alloc_size
+                g.nop(comment='Calculate address of the next value')
+                g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+                g.i32.add()
+                g.local.set(fold_adr)
+
+                with g.loop(params=[res_type_info.wasm_type], result=res_type_info.wasm_type):
+                    # Stack: [b] -> [b]
+                    g.nop(comment='Apply function call')
+                    g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                    g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+                    g.local.get(fold_func)
+                    g.call_indirect([res_type_info.wasm_type, sa_type_info.wasm_type], res_type_info.wasm_type)
+
+                    # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_adr = fold_adr + sa_type_info.alloc_size
+                    g.nop(comment='Calculate address of the next value')
+                    g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                    g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+                    g.i32.add()
+                    g.local.tee(fold_adr)
+
+                    # loop if adr > stop
+                    # Stack: [b] -> [b]
+                    g.nop(comment='Check if address exceeds array bounds')
+                    g.local.get(fold_stop)
+                    g.i32.lt_u()
+                    g.br_if(0)
+            # else: just one value, don't need to loop
+
+        # Stack: [b]
+
+    def wasm_dynamic_array_foldr(self, g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: dict[str, TypeExpr]) -> None:
+        sa_type = tv_map['a']
+        res_type = tv_map['b']
+
+        ptr_type_info = self.build.type_info_constructed
+        u32_type_info = self.build.type_info_map['u32']
+
+        sa_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(sa_type.name)
+        if sa_type_info is None:
+            sa_type_info = ptr_type_info
+        res_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(res_type.name)
+        if res_type_info is None:
+            res_type_info = ptr_type_info
+
+        # Definitions
+        fold_adr = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_adr')
+        fold_stop = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_stop')
+        fold_tmp = g.temp_var_t(res_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_tmp')
+        fold_func = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_func')
+        fold_len = g.temp_var_t(u32_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_len')
+
+        with g.block(params=['i32', res_type_info.wasm_type, 'i32'], result=res_type_info.wasm_type, comment=f'foldr a={sa_type.name} b={res_type.name}'):
+            # Stack: [fn*, b, sa*] -> [fn*, b]  ; fold_adr=fn*, fold_tmp=b, fold_func=fn*, fold_len=*sa
+            g.local.tee(fold_adr)  # Store address, but also keep it for loading the length
+            g.i32.load()  # Load the length
+            g.local.set(fold_len)  # Store the length
+            # Stack: [fn*, b] -> [fn*]
+            g.local.set(fold_tmp)
+            # Stack: [fn*] -> []
+            g.local.set(fold_func)
+
+            # Stack: [] -> []
+            g.nop(comment='No applications if array is empty')
+            g.local.get(fold_tmp)
+            g.local.get(fold_len)
+            g.i32.eqz() # If the array is empty
+            g.br_if(0)  # Then the base value is the result
+            g.drop()  # Else drop the value for now
+
+            # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_adr=fold_adr + 4
+            g.nop(comment='Skip the header')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.i32.const(4)
+            g.i32.add()
+            g.local.set(fold_adr)
+
+            # Stack: [] -> []  ; fold_stop=fold_adr
+            g.nop(comment='Calculate address at which to stop looping')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.local.set(fold_stop)
+
+            # Stack: [] -> []  ; fold_adr=fold_adr + (sa_len.value - 1) * sa_type_info.alloc_size
+            g.nop(comment='Calculate address at which to start looping')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.local.get(fold_len)
+            g.i32.const(1)
+            g.i32.sub()
+            g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+            g.i32.mul()
+            g.i32.add()
+            g.local.set(fold_adr)
+
+            # Stack: [] -> [b]
+            g.nop(comment='Apply the first function call')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+            g.local.get(fold_tmp)
+            g.local.get(fold_func)
+            g.call_indirect([sa_type_info.wasm_type, res_type_info.wasm_type], res_type_info.wasm_type)
+
+            # Stack: [b] -> [b]
+            g.nop(comment='Check if more than one entry')
+            g.local.get(fold_len)
+            g.i32.const(1)
+            g.i32.eq() # If the array has only item
+            g.br_if(0)  # Then the the first application is sufficient
+
+            # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_adr = fold_adr - sa_type_info.alloc_size
+            g.nop(comment='Calculate address of the next value')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+            g.i32.sub()
+            g.local.set(fold_adr)
+
+            with g.loop(params=[res_type_info.wasm_type], result=res_type_info.wasm_type):
+                g.nop(comment='Apply function call')
+
+                # Stack [b] since we don't have proper stack switching opcodes
+                # Stack: [b] -> []
+                g.local.set(fold_tmp)
+
+                # Stack: [] -> [a]
+                g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+
+                # Stack [a] -> [a, b]
+                g.local.get(fold_tmp)
+
+                # Stack [a, b] -> [b]
+                g.local.get(fold_func)
+                g.call_indirect([sa_type_info.wasm_type, res_type_info.wasm_type], res_type_info.wasm_type)
+
+                # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_adr = fold_adr - sa_type_info.alloc_size
+                g.nop(comment='Calculate address of the next value')
+                g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+                g.i32.sub()
+                g.local.tee(fold_adr)
+
+                # loop if adr >= stop
+                # Stack: [b] -> [b]
+                g.nop(comment='Check if address exceeds array bounds')
+                g.local.get(fold_stop)
+                g.i32.ge_u()
+                g.br_if(0)
+
+        # Stack: [b]
+
+    def wasm_static_array_foldr(self, g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: dict[str, TypeExpr]) -> None:
+        sa_type = tv_map['a']
+        sa_len = tv_map['n']
+        res_type = tv_map['b']
+
+        assert isinstance(sa_len, TypeLevelNat)
+
+        ptr_type_info = self.build.type_info_constructed
+
+        sa_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(sa_type.name)
+        if sa_type_info is None:
+            sa_type_info = ptr_type_info
+        res_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(res_type.name)
+        if res_type_info is None:
+            res_type_info = ptr_type_info
+
+        # Definitions
+        fold_adr = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_adr')
+        fold_stop = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_stop')
+        fold_tmp = g.temp_var_t(res_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_tmp')
+        fold_func = g.temp_var_t(ptr_type_info.wasm_type, 'fold_func')
+
+        with g.block(params=['i32', res_type_info.wasm_type, 'i32'], result=res_type_info.wasm_type, comment=f'foldr a={sa_type.name} n={sa_len.value} b={res_type.name}'):
+            # Stack: [fn*, b, sa*] -> [fn*, b]  ; fold_adr=fn*, fold_tmp=b, fold_func=fn*
+            g.local.set(fold_adr)
+            # Stack: [fn*, b] -> [fn*]
+            g.local.set(fold_tmp)
+            # Stack: [fn*] -> []
+            g.local.set(fold_func)
+
+            if sa_len.value < 1:
+                g.local.get(fold_tmp)
+                return
+
+            # Stack: [] -> []  ; fold_stop=fold_adr
+            g.nop(comment='Calculate address at which to stop looping')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.local.set(fold_stop)
+
+            # Stack: [] -> []  ; fold_adr=fold_adr + (sa_len.value - 1) * sa_type_info.alloc_size
+            g.nop(comment='Calculate address at which to start looping')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.i32.const((sa_len.value - 1) * sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+            g.i32.add()
+            g.local.set(fold_adr)
+
+            # Stack: [] -> [b]
+            g.nop(comment='Get the init value and first array value as starting point')
+            g.local.get(fold_adr)
+            g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+            g.local.get(fold_tmp)
+            g.local.get(fold_func)
+            g.call_indirect([sa_type_info.wasm_type, res_type_info.wasm_type], res_type_info.wasm_type)
+
+            if sa_len.value > 1:
+                # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_adr = fold_adr - sa_type_info.alloc_size
+                g.nop(comment='Calculate address of the next value')
+                g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+                g.i32.sub()
+                g.local.set(fold_adr)
+
+                with g.loop(params=[res_type_info.wasm_type], result=res_type_info.wasm_type):
+                    g.nop(comment='Apply function call')
+
+                    # Stack [b] since we don't have proper stack switching opcodes
+                    # Stack: [b] -> []
+                    g.local.set(fold_tmp)
+
+                    # Stack: [] -> [a]
+                    g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                    g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+
+                    # Stack [a] -> [a, b]
+                    g.local.get(fold_tmp)
+
+                    # Stack [a, b] -> [b]
+                    g.local.get(fold_func)
+                    g.call_indirect([sa_type_info.wasm_type, res_type_info.wasm_type], res_type_info.wasm_type)
+
+                    # Stack: [b] -> [b]  ; fold_adr = fold_adr - sa_type_info.alloc_size
+                    g.nop(comment='Calculate address of the next value')
+                    g.local.get(fold_adr)
+                    g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+                    g.i32.sub()
+                    g.local.tee(fold_adr)
+
+                    # loop if adr >= stop
+                    # Stack: [b] -> [b]
+                    g.nop(comment='Check if address exceeds array bounds')
+                    g.local.get(fold_stop)
+                    g.i32.ge_u()
+                    g.br_if(0)
+            # else: just one value, don't need to loop
+
+        # Stack: [b]
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Foldable = build.type_classes['Foldable']
+
+    n = TypeVariable(kind=Nat(), name='n')
+
+    gen = FoldableCodeGenerator(build)
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Foldable, build.dynamic_array_type5_constructor, methods={
+        'sum': gen.wasm_dynamic_array_sum,
+        'foldl': gen.wasm_dynamic_array_foldl,
+        'foldr': gen.wasm_dynamic_array_foldr,
+    })
+    foo = TypeApplication(constructor=build.static_array_type5_constructor, argument=n)
+    build.instance_type_class(Foldable, foo, methods={
+        'sum': gen.wasm_static_array_sum,
+        'foldl': gen.wasm_static_array_foldl,
+        'foldr': gen.wasm_static_array_foldr,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/fractional.py

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+"""
+The Fractional type class is defined for numeric types that can be (precisely) divided.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+
+    Fractional = TypeClass('Fractional', (a, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_fractional_a = TypeClassConstraint(Fractional, [a])
+
+    fn_a_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, a]),
+        constraints=(has_fractional_a, ),
+    )
+
+    fn_a_a_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, a, a]),
+        constraints=(has_fractional_a, ),
+    )
+
+    Fractional.methods = {
+        'ceil': fn_a_a,
+        'floor': fn_a_a,
+        'trunc': fn_a_a,
+        'nearest': fn_a_a,
+    }
+    Fractional.operators = {
+        '/': fn_a_a_a,
+    }
+
+    # FIXME: inherited_classes=[NatNum])
+
+    build.register_type_class(Fractional)
+
+def wasm_f32_ceil(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.ceil()
+
+def wasm_f64_ceil(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.ceil()
+
+def wasm_f32_floor(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.floor()
+
+def wasm_f64_floor(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.floor()
+
+def wasm_f32_trunc(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.trunc()
+
+def wasm_f64_trunc(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.trunc()
+
+def wasm_f32_nearest(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.nearest()
+
+def wasm_f64_nearest(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.nearest()
+
+def wasm_f32_div(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.div()
+
+def wasm_f64_div(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.div()
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Fractional = build.type_classes['Fractional']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Fractional, build.types['f32'], methods={
+        'ceil': wasm_f32_ceil,
+        'floor': wasm_f32_floor,
+        'trunc': wasm_f32_trunc,
+        'nearest': wasm_f32_nearest,
+    }, operators={
+        '/': wasm_f32_div,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Fractional, build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'ceil': wasm_f64_ceil,
+        'floor': wasm_f64_floor,
+        'trunc': wasm_f64_trunc,
+        'nearest': wasm_f64_nearest,
+    }, operators={
+        '/': wasm_f64_div,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/integral.py

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"""
+The Integral type class is defined for types that can only be approximately divided.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+
+    Integral = TypeClass('Integral', (a, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_integral_a = TypeClassConstraint(Integral, [a])
+
+    fn_a_a_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, a, a]),
+        constraints=(has_integral_a, ),
+    )
+
+    Integral.operators = {
+        '//': fn_a_a_a,
+        '%': fn_a_a_a,
+    }
+
+    # FIXME: inherited_classes=[NatNum]
+
+    build.register_type_class(Integral)
+
+def wasm_u32_div(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i32.div_u')
+
+def wasm_u64_div(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i64.div_u')
+
+def wasm_i32_div(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i32.div_s')
+
+def wasm_i64_div(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i64.div_s')
+
+def wasm_u32_rem(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i32.rem_u')
+
+def wasm_u64_rem(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i64.rem_u')
+
+def wasm_i32_rem(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i32.rem_s')
+
+def wasm_i64_rem(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i64.rem_s')
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Integral = build.type_classes['Integral']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Integral, build.types['u32'], operators={
+        '//': wasm_u32_div,
+        '%': wasm_u32_rem,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Integral, build.types['u64'], operators={
+        '//': wasm_u64_div,
+        '%': wasm_u64_rem,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Integral, build.types['i32'], operators={
+        '//': wasm_i32_div,
+        '%': wasm_i32_rem,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Integral, build.types['i64'], operators={
+        '//': wasm_i64_div,
+        '%': wasm_i64_rem,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/intnum.py

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+"""
+The IntNum type class is defined for Integer Number types.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+
+    IntNum = TypeClass('IntNum', (a, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_intnum_a = TypeClassConstraint(IntNum, [a])
+
+    fn_a_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, a]),
+        constraints=(has_intnum_a, ),
+    )
+
+    IntNum.methods = {
+        'abs': fn_a_a,
+        'neg': fn_a_a,
+    }
+    # FIXME: inherited_classes=[NatNum])
+
+    build.register_type_class(IntNum)
+
+def wasm_i32_abs(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__i32_abs__')
+
+def wasm_i64_abs(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__i64_abs__')
+
+def wasm_f32_abs(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.abs()
+
+def wasm_f64_abs(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.abs()
+
+def wasm_i32_neg(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.const(-1)
+    g.i32.mul()
+
+def wasm_i64_neg(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.const(-1)
+    g.i64.mul()
+
+def wasm_f32_neg(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.neg()
+
+def wasm_f64_neg(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.neg()
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    IntNum = build.type_classes['IntNum']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(IntNum, build.types['i32'], methods={
+        'abs': wasm_i32_abs,
+        'neg': wasm_i32_neg,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(IntNum, build.types['i64'], methods={
+        'abs': wasm_i64_abs,
+        'neg': wasm_i64_neg,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(IntNum, build.types['f32'], methods={
+        'abs': wasm_f32_abs,
+        'neg': wasm_f32_neg,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(IntNum, build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'abs': wasm_f64_abs,
+        'neg': wasm_f64_neg,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/natnum.py

@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+"""
+The NatNum type class is defined for Natural Number types.
+
+These cannot be negative so functions like abs and neg make no sense.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+    u32 = build.types['u32']
+
+    NatNum = TypeClass('NatNum', (a, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_natnum_a = TypeClassConstraint(NatNum, [a])
+
+    fn_a_a_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, a, a]),
+        constraints=(has_natnum_a, ),
+    )
+
+    fn_a_u32_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, u32, a]),
+        constraints=(has_natnum_a, ),
+    )
+
+    NatNum.operators = {
+        '+': fn_a_a_a,
+        '-': fn_a_a_a,
+        '*': fn_a_a_a,
+        '<<': fn_a_u32_a, # Arithmic shift left
+        '>>': fn_a_u32_a, # Arithmic shift right
+    }
+
+    build.register_type_class(NatNum)
+
+## ###
+## class NatNum
+
+def wasm_u32_add(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i32.add')
+
+def wasm_u64_add(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i64.add')
+
+def wasm_i32_add(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i32.add')
+
+def wasm_i64_add(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i64.add')
+
+def wasm_f32_add(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('f32.add')
+
+def wasm_f64_add(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('f64.add')
+
+def wasm_u32_sub(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i32.sub')
+
+def wasm_u64_sub(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i64.sub')
+
+def wasm_i32_sub(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i32.sub')
+
+def wasm_i64_sub(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i64.sub')
+
+def wasm_f32_sub(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('f32.sub')
+
+def wasm_f64_sub(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('f64.sub')
+
+def wasm_u32_mul(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i32.mul')
+
+def wasm_u64_mul(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i64.mul')
+
+def wasm_i32_mul(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i32.mul')
+
+def wasm_i64_mul(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('i64.mul')
+
+def wasm_f32_mul(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('f32.mul')
+
+def wasm_f64_mul(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.add_statement('f64.mul')
+
+def wasm_u32_arithmic_shift_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.shl()
+
+def wasm_u64_arithmic_shift_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+    g.i64.shl()
+
+def wasm_i32_arithmic_shift_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.shl()
+
+def wasm_i64_arithmic_shift_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+    g.i64.shl()
+
+def wasm_f32_arithmic_shift_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u32_pow2__')
+    g.f32.convert_i32_u()
+    g.f32.mul()
+
+def wasm_f64_arithmic_shift_left(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u32_pow2__')
+    g.f64.convert_i32_u()
+    g.f64.mul()
+
+def wasm_u32_arithmic_shift_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.shr_u()
+
+def wasm_u64_arithmic_shift_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+    g.i64.shr_u()
+
+def wasm_i32_arithmic_shift_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.shr_s()
+
+def wasm_i64_arithmic_shift_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.extend_i32_u()
+    g.i64.shr_s()
+
+def wasm_f32_arithmic_shift_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u32_pow2__')
+    g.f32.convert_i32_u()
+    g.f32.div()
+
+def wasm_f64_arithmic_shift_right(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u32_pow2__')
+    g.f64.convert_i32_u()
+    g.f64.div()
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    NatNum = build.type_classes['NatNum']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(NatNum, build.types['u32'], operators={
+        '+': wasm_u32_add,
+        '-': wasm_u32_sub,
+        '*': wasm_u32_mul,
+        '<<': wasm_u32_arithmic_shift_left,
+        '>>': wasm_u32_arithmic_shift_right,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(NatNum, build.types['u64'], operators={
+        '+': wasm_u64_add,
+        '-': wasm_u64_sub,
+        '*': wasm_u64_mul,
+        '<<': wasm_u64_arithmic_shift_left,
+        '>>': wasm_u64_arithmic_shift_right,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(NatNum, build.types['i32'], operators={
+        '+': wasm_i32_add,
+        '-': wasm_i32_sub,
+        '*': wasm_i32_mul,
+        '<<': wasm_i32_arithmic_shift_left,
+        '>>': wasm_i32_arithmic_shift_right,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(NatNum, build.types['i64'], operators={
+        '+': wasm_i64_add,
+        '-': wasm_i64_sub,
+        '*': wasm_i64_mul,
+        '<<': wasm_i64_arithmic_shift_left,
+        '>>': wasm_i64_arithmic_shift_right,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(NatNum, build.types['f32'], operators={
+        '+': wasm_f32_add,
+        '-': wasm_f32_sub,
+        '*': wasm_f32_mul,
+        '<<': wasm_f32_arithmic_shift_left,
+        '>>': wasm_f32_arithmic_shift_right,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(NatNum, build.types['f64'], operators={
+        '+': wasm_f64_add,
+        '-': wasm_f64_sub,
+        '*': wasm_f64_mul,
+        '<<': wasm_f64_arithmic_shift_left,
+        '>>': wasm_f64_arithmic_shift_right,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/ord.py

@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+"""
+The Ord type class is defined for totally ordered datatypes.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+
+    Ord = TypeClass('Ord', (a, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_ord_a = TypeClassConstraint(Ord, [a])
+
+    fn_a_a_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, a, a]),
+        constraints=(has_ord_a, ),
+    )
+
+    fn_a_a_bool = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, a, build.bool_type5]),
+        constraints=(has_ord_a, ),
+    )
+
+    Ord.methods = {
+        'min': fn_a_a_a,
+        'max': fn_a_a_a,
+    }
+
+    Ord.operators = {
+        '<': fn_a_a_bool,
+        '<=': fn_a_a_bool,
+        '>': fn_a_a_bool,
+        '>=': fn_a_a_bool,
+    }
+    #FIXME: }, inherited_classes=[Eq])
+
+    build.register_type_class(Ord)
+
+def wasm_u8_min(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u32_min__')
+
+def wasm_u16_min(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u32_min__')
+
+def wasm_u32_min(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u32_min__')
+
+def wasm_u64_min(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u64_min__')
+
+def wasm_i8_min(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__i32_min__')
+
+def wasm_i16_min(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__i32_min__')
+
+def wasm_i32_min(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__i32_min__')
+
+def wasm_i64_min(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__i64_min__')
+
+def wasm_f32_min(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.min()
+
+def wasm_f64_min(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.min()
+
+def wasm_u8_max(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u32_max__')
+
+def wasm_u16_max(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u32_max__')
+
+def wasm_u32_max(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u32_max__')
+
+def wasm_u64_max(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__u64_max__')
+
+def wasm_i8_max(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__i32_max__')
+
+def wasm_i16_max(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__i32_max__')
+
+def wasm_i32_max(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__i32_max__')
+
+def wasm_i64_max(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.call('stdlib.types.__i64_max__')
+
+def wasm_f32_max(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.max()
+
+def wasm_f64_max(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.max()
+
+
+def wasm_u8_less_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.lt_u()
+
+def wasm_u16_less_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.lt_u()
+
+def wasm_u32_less_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.lt_u()
+
+def wasm_u64_less_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.lt_u()
+
+def wasm_i8_less_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.lt_s()
+
+def wasm_i16_less_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.lt_s()
+
+def wasm_i32_less_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.lt_s()
+
+def wasm_i64_less_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.lt_s()
+
+def wasm_f32_less_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.lt()
+
+def wasm_f64_less_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.lt()
+
+def wasm_u8_less_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.le_u()
+
+def wasm_u16_less_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.le_u()
+
+def wasm_u32_less_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.le_u()
+
+def wasm_u64_less_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.le_u()
+
+def wasm_i8_less_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.le_s()
+
+def wasm_i16_less_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.le_s()
+
+def wasm_i32_less_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.le_s()
+
+def wasm_i64_less_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.le_s()
+
+def wasm_f32_less_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.le()
+
+def wasm_f64_less_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.le()
+
+def wasm_u8_greater_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.gt_u()
+
+def wasm_u16_greater_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.gt_u()
+
+def wasm_u32_greater_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.gt_u()
+
+def wasm_u64_greater_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.gt_u()
+
+def wasm_i8_greater_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.gt_s()
+
+def wasm_i16_greater_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.gt_s()
+
+def wasm_i32_greater_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.gt_s()
+
+def wasm_i64_greater_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.gt_s()
+
+def wasm_f32_greater_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.gt()
+
+def wasm_f64_greater_than(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.gt()
+
+def wasm_u8_greater_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ge_u()
+
+def wasm_u16_greater_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ge_u()
+
+def wasm_u32_greater_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ge_u()
+
+def wasm_u64_greater_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.ge_u()
+
+def wasm_i8_greater_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ge_s()
+
+def wasm_i16_greater_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ge_s()
+
+def wasm_i32_greater_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.ge_s()
+
+def wasm_i64_greater_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.ge_s()
+
+def wasm_f32_greater_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.ge()
+
+def wasm_f64_greater_than_or_equal(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.ge()
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Ord = build.type_classes['Ord']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Ord, build.types['u8'], methods={
+        'min': wasm_u8_min,
+        'max': wasm_u8_max,
+    }, operators={
+        '<': wasm_u8_less_than,
+        '<=': wasm_u8_less_than_or_equal,
+        '>': wasm_u8_greater_than,
+        '>=': wasm_u8_greater_than_or_equal,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Ord, build.types['u16'], methods={
+        'min': wasm_u16_min,
+        'max': wasm_u16_max,
+    }, operators={
+        '<': wasm_u16_less_than,
+        '<=': wasm_u16_less_than_or_equal,
+        '>': wasm_u16_greater_than,
+        '>=': wasm_u16_greater_than_or_equal,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Ord, build.types['u32'], methods={
+        'min': wasm_u32_min,
+        'max': wasm_u32_max,
+    }, operators={
+        '<': wasm_u32_less_than,
+        '<=': wasm_u32_less_than_or_equal,
+        '>': wasm_u32_greater_than,
+        '>=': wasm_u32_greater_than_or_equal,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Ord, build.types['u64'], methods={
+        'min': wasm_u64_min,
+        'max': wasm_u64_max,
+    }, operators={
+        '<': wasm_u64_less_than,
+        '<=': wasm_u64_less_than_or_equal,
+        '>': wasm_u64_greater_than,
+        '>=': wasm_u64_greater_than_or_equal,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Ord, build.types['i8'], methods={
+        'min': wasm_i8_min,
+        'max': wasm_i8_max,
+    }, operators={
+        '<': wasm_i8_less_than,
+        '<=': wasm_i8_less_than_or_equal,
+        '>': wasm_i8_greater_than,
+        '>=': wasm_i8_greater_than_or_equal,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Ord, build.types['i16'], methods={
+        'min': wasm_i16_min,
+        'max': wasm_i16_max,
+    }, operators={
+        '<': wasm_i16_less_than,
+        '<=': wasm_i16_less_than_or_equal,
+        '>': wasm_i16_greater_than,
+        '>=': wasm_i16_greater_than_or_equal,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Ord, build.types['i32'], methods={
+        'min': wasm_i32_min,
+        'max': wasm_i32_max,
+    }, operators={
+        '<': wasm_i32_less_than,
+        '<=': wasm_i32_less_than_or_equal,
+        '>': wasm_i32_greater_than,
+        '>=': wasm_i32_greater_than_or_equal,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Ord, build.types['i64'], methods={
+        'min': wasm_i64_min,
+        'max': wasm_i64_max,
+    }, operators={
+        '<': wasm_i64_less_than,
+        '<=': wasm_i64_less_than_or_equal,
+        '>': wasm_i64_greater_than,
+        '>=': wasm_i64_greater_than_or_equal,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Ord, build.types['f32'], methods={
+        'min': wasm_f32_min,
+        'max': wasm_f32_max,
+    }, operators={
+        '<': wasm_f32_less_than,
+        '<=': wasm_f32_less_than_or_equal,
+        '>': wasm_f32_greater_than,
+        '>=': wasm_f32_greater_than_or_equal,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Ord, build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'min': wasm_f64_min,
+        'max': wasm_f64_max,
+    }, operators={
+        '<': wasm_f64_less_than,
+        '<=': wasm_f64_less_than_or_equal,
+        '>': wasm_f64_greater_than,
+        '>=': wasm_f64_greater_than_or_equal,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/promotable.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""
+The Promotable type class is defined for types that can safely be promoted to a type
+that can hold strictly more values. Going back will result in some precision being lost.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+    b = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='b')
+
+    Promotable = TypeClass('Promotable', (a, b, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_Promotable_a_b = TypeClassConstraint(Promotable, [a, b])
+
+    fn_a_b = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a, b},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, b]),
+        constraints=(has_Promotable_a_b, ),
+    )
+
+    fn_b_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a, b},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([b, a]),
+        constraints=(has_Promotable_a_b, ),
+    )
+
+    Promotable.methods = {
+        'promote': fn_a_b,
+        'demote': fn_b_a,
+    }
+
+    build.register_type_class(Promotable)
+
+def wasm_f32_f64_promote(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.promote_f32()
+
+def wasm_f32_f64_demote(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.demote_f64()
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Promotable = build.type_classes['Promotable']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Promotable, build.types['f32'], build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'promote': wasm_f32_f64_promote,
+        'demote': wasm_f32_f64_demote,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/reinterpretable.py

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+"""
+The Reinterpretable type class is defined for when the data for a type can be reinterpreted
+to hold a value for another type.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+    b = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='b')
+
+    Reinterpretable = TypeClass('Reinterpretable', (a, b, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_reinterpretable_a_b = TypeClassConstraint(Reinterpretable, [a, b])
+
+    fn_a_b = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={a, b},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([a, b]),
+        constraints=(has_reinterpretable_a_b, ),
+    )
+
+    Reinterpretable.methods = {
+        'reinterpret': fn_a_b,
+    }
+
+    build.register_type_class(Reinterpretable)
+
+def wasm_i32_f32_reinterpret(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.reinterpret_i32()
+
+def wasm_u32_f32_reinterpret(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f32.reinterpret_i32()
+
+def wasm_i64_f64_reinterpret(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.reinterpret_i64()
+
+def wasm_u64_f64_reinterpret(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.f64.reinterpret_i64()
+
+def wasm_f32_i32_reinterpret(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.reinterpret_f32()
+
+def wasm_f32_u32_reinterpret(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i32.reinterpret_f32()
+
+def wasm_f64_i64_reinterpret(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.reinterpret_f64()
+
+def wasm_f64_u64_reinterpret(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: Any) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    g.i64.reinterpret_f64()
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Reinterpretable = build.type_classes['Reinterpretable']
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Reinterpretable, build.types['u32'], build.types['f32'], methods={
+        'reinterpret': wasm_u32_f32_reinterpret,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Reinterpretable, build.types['u64'], build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'reinterpret': wasm_u64_f64_reinterpret,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Reinterpretable, build.types['i32'], build.types['f32'], methods={
+        'reinterpret': wasm_i32_f32_reinterpret,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Reinterpretable, build.types['i64'], build.types['f64'], methods={
+        'reinterpret': wasm_i64_f64_reinterpret,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Reinterpretable, build.types['f32'], build.types['u32'], methods={
+        'reinterpret': wasm_f32_u32_reinterpret,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Reinterpretable, build.types['f64'], build.types['u64'], methods={
+        'reinterpret': wasm_f64_u64_reinterpret,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Reinterpretable, build.types['f32'], build.types['i32'], methods={
+        'reinterpret': wasm_f32_i32_reinterpret,
+    })
+    build.instance_type_class(Reinterpretable, build.types['f64'], build.types['i64'], methods={
+        'reinterpret': wasm_f64_i64_reinterpret,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/sized.py

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+"""
+The Sized type class is defined for when a value can be considered to have a length.
+
+The length is always in number of items, and never in number of bytes (unless an item is a byte).
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Nat, Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeApplication, TypeExpr, TypeLevelNat, TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+    t = TypeVariable(kind=Star() >> Star(), name='t')
+    t_a = TypeApplication(constructor=t, argument=a)
+    u32 = build.types['u32']
+
+    Sized = TypeClass('Sized', (t, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_sized_t = TypeClassConstraint(Sized, [t])
+
+    fn_t_a_u32 = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={t, a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([t_a, u32]),
+        constraints=(has_sized_t, ),
+    )
+
+    Sized.methods = {
+        'len': fn_t_a_u32,
+    }
+
+    build.register_type_class(Sized)
+
+def wasm_dynamic_array_len(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: dict[str, TypeExpr]) -> None:
+    del tv_map
+    # The length is stored in the first 4 bytes
+    g.i32.load()
+
+def wasm_static_array_len(g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: dict[str, TypeExpr]) -> None:
+    sa_len = tv_map['n']
+    assert isinstance(sa_len, TypeLevelNat)
+    g.i32.const(sa_len.value)
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Sized = build.type_classes['Sized']
+
+    n = TypeVariable(kind=Nat(), name='n')
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Sized, build.dynamic_array_type5_constructor, methods={
+        'len': wasm_dynamic_array_len,
+    })
+    foo = TypeApplication(constructor=build.static_array_type5_constructor, argument=n)
+    build.instance_type_class(Sized, foo, methods={
+        'len': wasm_static_array_len,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclasses/subscriptable.py

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+"""
+The Eq type class is defined for types that can be compered based on equality.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from ...type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr
+from ...type5.kindexpr import Nat, Star
+from ...type5.typeexpr import TypeApplication, TypeExpr, TypeLevelNat, TypeVariable
+from ...typeclass import TypeClass, TypeClassConstraint
+from ...wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+from ..base import BuildBase
+
+
+def load(build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+    a = TypeVariable(kind=Star(), name='a')
+    t = TypeVariable(kind=Star() >> Star(), name='t')
+    t_a = TypeApplication(constructor=t, argument=a)
+    u32 = build.types['u32']
+
+    Subscriptable = TypeClass('Subscriptable', (t, ), methods={}, operators={})
+
+    has_subscriptable_t = TypeClassConstraint(Subscriptable, [t])
+
+    fn_t_a_u32_a = ConstrainedExpr(
+        variables={t, a},
+        expr=build.type5_make_function([t_a, u32, a]),
+        constraints=(has_subscriptable_t, ),
+    )
+
+    Subscriptable.operators = {
+        '[]': fn_t_a_u32_a,
+    }
+
+    build.register_type_class(Subscriptable)
+
+class SubscriptableCodeGenerator:
+    def __init__(self, build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+        self.build = build
+
+    def wasm_dynamic_array_getitem(self, g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: dict[str, TypeExpr]) -> None:
+        sa_type = tv_map['a']
+
+        u32_type_info = self.build.type_info_map['u32']
+
+        sa_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(sa_type.name)
+        if sa_type_info is None:
+            sa_type_info = self.build.type_info_constructed
+
+        getitem_adr = g.temp_var_t(u32_type_info.wasm_type, 'getitem_adr')
+        getitem_idx = g.temp_var_t(u32_type_info.wasm_type, 'getitem_idx')
+
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard, idx: u32]
+        g.local.set(getitem_idx)
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard]
+        g.local.set(getitem_adr)
+        # Stack: []
+
+        # Out of bounds check based on memory stored length
+        # Stack: []
+        g.local.get(getitem_idx)
+        # Stack: [idx: u32]
+        g.local.get(getitem_adr)
+        # Stack: [idx: u32, varref: *ard]
+        g.i32.load()
+        # Stack: [idx: u32, len: u32]
+        g.i32.ge_u()
+        # Stack: [res: bool]
+        with g.if_():
+            g.unreachable(comment='Out of bounds')
+
+        # Stack: []
+        g.local.get(getitem_adr)
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard]
+        g.i32.const(4)
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard, 4]
+        g.i32.add()
+        # Stack: [firstel: *ard]
+        g.local.get(getitem_idx)
+        # Stack: [firstel: *ard, idx: u32]
+        g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+        # Stack: [firstel: *ard, idx: u32, as: u32]
+        g.i32.mul()
+        # Stack: [firstel: *ard, offset: u32]
+        g.i32.add()
+        # Stack: [eladr: *ard]
+        g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+        # Stack: [el]
+
+    def wasm_static_array_getitem(self, g: WasmGenerator, tv_map: dict[str, TypeExpr]) -> None:
+        sa_type = tv_map['a']
+        sa_len = tv_map['n']
+
+        assert isinstance(sa_len, TypeLevelNat)
+
+        u32_type_info = self.build.type_info_map['u32']
+
+        sa_type_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(sa_type.name)
+        if sa_type_info is None:
+            sa_type_info = self.build.type_info_constructed
+
+        # OPTIMIZE: If index is a constant, we can use offset instead of multiply
+        # and we don't need to do the out of bounds check
+        getitem_idx = g.temp_var_t(u32_type_info.wasm_type, 'getitem_idx')
+
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard, idx: u32]
+        g.local.tee(getitem_idx)
+
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard, idx: u32]
+        # Out of bounds check based on sa_len.value
+        g.i32.const(sa_len.value)
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard, idx: u32, len: u32]
+        g.i32.ge_u()
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard, res: bool]
+        with g.if_():
+            g.unreachable(comment='Out of bounds')
+
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard]
+        g.local.get(getitem_idx)
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard, idx: u32]
+        g.i32.const(sa_type_info.alloc_size)
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard, idx: u32, as: u32]
+        g.i32.mul()
+        # Stack: [varref: *ard, offset: u32]
+        g.i32.add()
+        # Stack: [eladr: *ard]
+        g.add_statement(sa_type_info.wasm_load_func)
+        # Stack: [el]
+
+def wasm(build: BuildBase[WasmGenerator]) -> None:
+    Subscriptable = build.type_classes['Subscriptable']
+
+    n = TypeVariable(kind=Nat(), name='n')
+
+    gen = SubscriptableCodeGenerator(build)
+
+    build.instance_type_class(Subscriptable, build.dynamic_array_type5_constructor, operators={
+        '[]': gen.wasm_dynamic_array_getitem,
+    })
+    foo = TypeApplication(constructor=build.static_array_type5_constructor, argument=n)
+    build.instance_type_class(Subscriptable, foo, operators={
+        '[]': gen.wasm_static_array_getitem,
+    })

phasm/build/typeclassregistry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Iterable
+
+from ..type5.typeexpr import (
+    AtomicType,
+    TypeApplication,
+    TypeConstructor,
+    TypeExpr,
+    TypeVariable,
+    is_concrete,
+)
+
+
+class TypeClassRegistry[T]:
+    __slots__ = ('data', )
+
+    data: list[tuple[tuple[TypeExpr, ...], T]]
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.data = []
+
+    def add(self, arg_list: Iterable[TypeExpr], val: T) -> None:
+        self.data.append((tuple(arg_list), val))
+
+    def __contains__(self, arg_list: tuple[TypeExpr, ...]) -> bool:
+        for candidate, _ in self.data:
+            subsitutes = _matches(arg_list, candidate)
+            if subsitutes is not None:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def get(self, arg_list: tuple[TypeExpr, ...]) -> tuple[dict[str, TypeExpr], T] | None:
+        assert all(is_concrete(x) for x in arg_list)
+        for candidate, val in self.data:
+            subsitutes = _matches(arg_list, candidate)
+            if subsitutes is not None:
+                return (subsitutes, val)
+
+        return None
+
+def _matches(lft_tpl: tuple[TypeExpr, ...], rgt_tpl: tuple[TypeExpr, ...]) -> dict[str, TypeExpr] | None:
+    subsitutes: dict[str, TypeExpr] = {}
+
+    for lft, rgt in zip(lft_tpl, rgt_tpl, strict=True):
+        new_substitutes = _matches_one(lft, rgt)
+        if new_substitutes is None:
+            return None
+
+        subsitutes.update(new_substitutes)
+
+    return subsitutes
+
+def _matches_one(lft: TypeExpr, rgt: TypeExpr) -> dict[str, TypeExpr] | None:
+    if lft.kind != rgt.kind:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(rgt, TypeVariable):
+        assert not isinstance(lft, TypeVariable)
+        return _matches_one(rgt, lft)
+
+    if isinstance(lft, TypeVariable):
+        return {lft.name: rgt}
+
+    if isinstance(lft, (AtomicType, TypeConstructor, )):
+        if lft == rgt:
+            return {}
+
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(lft, TypeApplication):
+        if not isinstance(rgt, TypeApplication):
+            return None
+
+        con_result = _matches_one(lft.constructor, rgt.constructor)
+        if con_result is None:
+            return None
+
+        arg_result = _matches_one(lft.argument, rgt.argument)
+        if arg_result is None:
+            return None
+
+        return con_result | arg_result
+
+    raise NotImplementedError(lft, rgt)

phasm/build/typerouter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from ..type5.record import Record
+from ..type5.typeexpr import (
+    AtomicType,
+    TypeApplication,
+    TypeConstructor,
+    TypeExpr,
+    TypeLevelNat,
+    TypeVariable,
+)
+from ..type5.typerouter import TypeRouter
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import BuildBase
+
+class BuildTypeRouter[T](TypeRouter[T]):
+    """
+    Extends the general type router with phasm builtin types.
+
+    Like functions, tuples, static and dynamic arrays.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('build', )
+
+    def __init__(self, build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+        self.build = build
+
+    def when_application(self, typ: TypeApplication) -> T:
+        da_arg = self.build.type5_is_dynamic_array(typ)
+        if da_arg is not None:
+            return self.when_dynamic_array(da_arg)
+
+        fn_args = self.build.type5_is_function(typ)
+        if fn_args is not None:
+            return self.when_function(fn_args)
+
+        sa_args = self.build.type5_is_static_array(typ)
+        if sa_args is not None:
+            sa_len, sa_typ = sa_args
+            return self.when_static_array(sa_len, sa_typ)
+
+        tp_args = self.build.type5_is_tuple(typ)
+        if tp_args is not None:
+            return self.when_tuple(tp_args)
+
+        return self.when_application_other(typ)
+
+    def when_record(self, typ: Record) -> T:
+        return self.when_struct(typ)
+
+    def when_application_other(self, typ: TypeApplication) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def when_dynamic_array(self, da_arg: TypeExpr) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def when_function(self, fn_args: list[TypeExpr]) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def when_struct(self, typ: Record) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def when_static_array(self, sa_len: int, sa_typ: TypeExpr) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def when_tuple(self, tp_args: list[TypeExpr]) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+class TypeName(BuildTypeRouter[str]):
+    """
+    Router to generate a type's name.
+
+    Also serves an example implementation.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def when_application_other(self, typ: TypeApplication) -> str:
+        return typ.name
+
+    def when_atomic(self, typ: AtomicType) -> str:
+        return typ.name
+
+    def when_constructor(self, typ: TypeConstructor) -> str:
+        return typ.name
+
+    def when_dynamic_array(self, da_arg: TypeExpr) -> str:
+        if da_arg == self.build.u8_type5:
+            return 'bytes'
+
+        return self(da_arg) + '[...]'
+
+    def when_function(self, fn_args: list[TypeExpr]) -> str:
+        return 'Callable[' + ', '.join(map(self, fn_args)) + ']'
+
+    def when_static_array(self, sa_len: int, sa_typ: TypeExpr) -> str:
+        return f'{self(sa_typ)}[{sa_len}]'
+
+    def when_struct(self, typ: Record) -> str:
+        return typ.name
+
+    def when_tuple(self, tp_args: list[TypeExpr]) -> str:
+        return '(' + ', '.join(map(self, tp_args)) + ', )'
+
+    def when_type_level_nat(self, typ: TypeLevelNat) -> str:
+        return str(typ.value)
+
+    def when_variable(self, typ: TypeVariable) -> str:
+        return typ.name
+
+class TypeAllocSize(BuildTypeRouter[int]):
+    """
+    Router to generate a type's allocation size.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('is_member', )
+
+    is_member: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, build: BuildBase[Any], is_member: bool) -> None:
+        super().__init__(build)
+        self.is_member = is_member
+
+    def when_atomic(self, typ: AtomicType) -> int:
+        typ_info = self.build.type_info_map.get(typ.name)
+        if typ_info is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(typ)
+
+        return typ_info.alloc_size
+
+    def when_dynamic_array(self, da_arg: TypeExpr) -> int:
+        if self.is_member:
+            return self.build.type_info_constructed.alloc_size
+
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot know size of dynamic array at type level")
+
+    def when_static_array(self, sa_len: int, sa_typ: TypeExpr) -> int:
+        if self.is_member:
+            return self.build.type_info_constructed.alloc_size
+
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def when_struct(self, typ: Record) -> int:
+        if self.is_member:
+            return self.build.type_info_constructed.alloc_size
+
+        return sum(map(self.build.type5_alloc_size_member, (x[1] for x in typ.fields)))
+
+    def when_tuple(self, tp_args: list[TypeExpr]) -> int:
+        if self.is_member:
+            return self.build.type_info_constructed.alloc_size
+
+        return sum(map(self.build.type5_alloc_size_member, tp_args))

phasm/codestyle.py

@@ -3,12 +3,13 @@ This module generates source code based on the parsed AST
 
 It's intented to be a "any color, as long as it's black" kind of renderer
 """
-from typing import Generator
+from typing import Any, Generator
 
 from . import ourlang
-from . import typing
+from .type5 import typeexpr as type5typeexpr
 
-def phasm_render(inp: ourlang.Module) -> str:
+
+def phasm_render(inp: ourlang.Module[Any]) -> str:
     """
     Public method for rendering a Phasm module into Phasm code
     """
@@ -16,109 +17,57 @@ def phasm_render(inp: ourlang.Module) -> str:
 
 Statements = Generator[str, None, None]
 
-def type_(inp: typing.TypeBase) -> str:
+def type5(mod: ourlang.Module[Any], inp: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr) -> str:
     """
-    Render: Type (name)
+    Render: type's name
     """
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeNone):
-        return 'None'
+    return mod.build.type5_name(inp)
 
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeBool):
-        return 'bool'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeUInt8):
-        return 'u8'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeUInt32):
-        return 'u32'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeUInt64):
-        return 'u64'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeInt32):
-        return 'i32'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeInt64):
-        return 'i64'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeFloat32):
-        return 'f32'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeFloat64):
-        return 'f64'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeBytes):
-        return 'bytes'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeTuple):
-        mems = ', '.join(
-            type_(x.type)
-            for x in inp.members
-        )
-
-        return f'({mems}, )'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeStaticArray):
-        return f'{type_(inp.member_type)}[{len(inp.members)}]'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, typing.TypeStruct):
-        return inp.name
-
-    raise NotImplementedError(type_, inp)
-
-def struct_definition(inp: typing.TypeStruct) -> str:
+def struct_definition(mod: ourlang.Module[Any], inp: ourlang.StructDefinition) -> str:
     """
     Render: TypeStruct's definition
     """
-    result = f'class {inp.name}:\n'
-    for mem in inp.members:
-        result += f'    {mem.name}: {type_(mem.type)}\n'
+    result = f'class {inp.struct_type5.name}:\n'
+    for mem, typ in inp.struct_type5.fields:
+        result += f'    {mem}: {type5(mod, typ)}\n'
 
     return result
 
-def constant_definition(inp: ourlang.ModuleConstantDef) -> str:
+def constant_definition(mod: ourlang.Module[Any], inp: ourlang.ModuleConstantDef) -> str:
     """
     Render: Module Constant's  definition
     """
-    return f'{inp.name}: {type_(inp.type)} = {expression(inp.constant)}\n'
+    return f'{inp.name}: {type5(mod, inp.type5)} = {expression(inp.constant)}\n'
 
 def expression(inp: ourlang.Expression) -> str:
     """
     Render: A Phasm expression
     """
-    if isinstance(inp, (
-            ourlang.ConstantUInt8, ourlang.ConstantUInt32, ourlang.ConstantUInt64,
-            ourlang.ConstantInt32, ourlang.ConstantInt64,
-        )):
-        return str(inp.value)
-
-    if isinstance(inp, (ourlang.ConstantFloat32, ourlang.ConstantFloat64, )):
-        # These might not round trip if the original constant
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive):
+        # Floats might not round trip if the original constant
         # could not fit in the given float type
         return str(inp.value)
 
-    if isinstance(inp, (ourlang.ConstantTuple, ourlang.ConstantStaticArray, )):
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ConstantBytes):
+        return repr(inp.value)
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ConstantTuple):
         return '(' + ', '.join(
             expression(x)
             for x in inp.value
         ) + ', )'
 
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ConstantStruct):
+        return inp.struct_type5.name + '(' + ', '.join(
+            expression(x)
+            for x in inp.value
+        ) + ')'
+
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.VariableReference):
-        return str(inp.name)
-
-    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.UnaryOp):
-        if (
-            inp.operator in ourlang.WEBASSEMBLY_BUILDIN_FLOAT_OPS
-            or inp.operator in ourlang.WEBASSEMBLY_BUILDIN_BYTES_OPS):
-            return f'{inp.operator}({expression(inp.right)})'
-
-        if inp.operator == 'cast':
-            return f'{type_(inp.type)}({expression(inp.right)})'
-
-        return f'{inp.operator}{expression(inp.right)}'
+        return str(inp.variable.name)
 
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp):
-        return f'{expression(inp.left)} {inp.operator} {expression(inp.right)}'
+        return f'{expression(inp.left)} {inp.operator.name} {expression(inp.right)}'
 
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.FunctionCall):
         args = ', '.join(
@@ -127,31 +76,29 @@ def expression(inp: ourlang.Expression) -> str:
         )
 
         if isinstance(inp.function, ourlang.StructConstructor):
-            return f'{inp.function.struct.name}({args})'
-
-        if isinstance(inp.function, ourlang.TupleConstructor):
-            return f'({args}, )'
+            return f'{inp.function.struct_type5.name}({args})'
 
         return f'{inp.function.name}({args})'
 
-    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.AccessBytesIndex):
-        return f'{expression(inp.varref)}[{expression(inp.index)}]'
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.FunctionReference):
+        return str(inp.function.name)
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.TupleInstantiation):
+        args = ', '.join(
+            expression(arg)
+            for arg in inp.elements
+        )
+
+        return f'({args}, )'
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.Subscript):
+        varref = expression(inp.varref)
+        index = expression(inp.index)
+
+        return f'{varref}[{index}]'
 
     if isinstance(inp, ourlang.AccessStructMember):
-        return f'{expression(inp.varref)}.{inp.member.name}'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, (ourlang.AccessTupleMember, ourlang.AccessStaticArrayMember, )):
-        if isinstance(inp.member, ourlang.Expression):
-            return f'{expression(inp.varref)}[{expression(inp.member)}]'
-
-        return f'{expression(inp.varref)}[{inp.member.idx}]'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.Fold):
-        fold_name = 'foldl' if ourlang.Fold.Direction.LEFT == inp.dir else 'foldr'
-        return f'{fold_name}({inp.func.name}, {expression(inp.base)}, {expression(inp.iter)})'
-
-    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ModuleConstantReference):
-        return inp.definition.name
+        return f'{expression(inp.varref)}.{inp.member}'
 
     raise NotImplementedError(expression, inp)
 
@@ -179,7 +126,7 @@ def statement(inp: ourlang.Statement) -> Statements:
 
     raise NotImplementedError(statement, inp)
 
-def function(inp: ourlang.Function) -> str:
+def function(mod: ourlang.Module[Any], inp: ourlang.Function) -> str:
     """
     Render: Function body
 
@@ -192,12 +139,17 @@ def function(inp: ourlang.Function) -> str:
     if inp.imported:
         result += '@imported\n'
 
+    assert inp.type5 is not None
+    fn_args = mod.build.type5_is_function(inp.type5)
+    assert fn_args is not None
+    ret_type5 = fn_args.pop()
+
     args = ', '.join(
-        f'{x}: {type_(y)}'
-        for x, y in inp.posonlyargs
+        f'{arg_name}: {type5(mod, arg_type)}'
+        for arg_name, arg_type in zip(inp.arg_names, fn_args, strict=True)
     )
 
-    result += f'def {inp.name}({args}) -> {type_(inp.returns)}:\n'
+    result += f'def {inp.name}({args}) -> {type5(mod, ret_type5)}:\n'
 
     if inp.imported:
         result += '    pass\n'
@@ -209,29 +161,29 @@ def function(inp: ourlang.Function) -> str:
     return result
 
 
-def module(inp: ourlang.Module) -> str:
+def module(inp: ourlang.Module[Any]) -> str:
     """
     Render: Module
     """
     result = ''
 
-    for struct in inp.structs.values():
+    for struct in inp.struct_definitions.values():
         if result:
             result += '\n'
-        result += struct_definition(struct)
+        result += struct_definition(inp, struct)
 
     for cdef in inp.constant_defs.values():
         if result:
             result += '\n'
-        result += constant_definition(cdef)
+        result += constant_definition(inp, cdef)
 
     for func in inp.functions.values():
-        if func.lineno < 0:
-            # Buildin (-2) or auto generated (-1)
+        if isinstance(func, ourlang.StructConstructor):
+            # Auto generated
             continue
 
         if result:
             result += '\n'
-        result += function(func)
+        result += function(inp, func)
 
     return result

phasm/optimise/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# This folder contains some basic optimisations
+# If you really want to optimise your stuff,
+# checkout https://github.com/WebAssembly/binaryen
+# It's wasm-opt tool can be run on the wat or wasm files.
+# And they have a ton of options to optimize.

phasm/optimise/removeunusedfuncs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+from phasm import wasm
+
+
+def removeunusedfuncs(inp: wasm.Module) -> None:
+    """
+    Removes functions that aren't exported and aren't
+    called by exported functions
+    """
+    # First make a handy lookup table
+    function_map = {
+        x.name: x
+        for x in inp.functions
+    }
+
+    # Keep a list of all functions to retain
+    retain_functions = set()
+
+    # Keep a queue (stack) of the funtions we need to check
+    # The exported functions as well as the tabled functions are the
+    # first we know of to keep
+    to_check_functions = [
+        x
+        for x in inp.functions
+        if x.exported_name is not None
+    ] + [
+        function_map[x]
+        for x in inp.table.values()
+    ]
+
+    while to_check_functions:
+        # Check the next function. If it's on the list, we need to retain it
+        to_check_func = to_check_functions.pop()
+        retain_functions.add(to_check_func)
+
+        # Check all functions calls by this retaining function
+        to_check_functions.extend(
+            func
+            for stmt in to_check_func.statements
+            if isinstance(stmt, wasm.StatementCall)
+            # The function_map can not have the named function if it is an import
+            if (func := function_map.get(stmt.func_name)) is not None
+            and func not in retain_functions
+        )
+
+    inp.functions = [
+        func
+        for func in inp.functions
+        if func in retain_functions
+    ]

phasm/ourlang.py

@@ -1,223 +1,234 @@
 """
 Contains the syntax tree for ourlang
 """
-from typing import Dict, List, Tuple, Optional, Union
+from __future__ import annotations
 
-import enum
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Union
 
-from typing_extensions import Final
+from .build.base import BuildBase
+from .type5 import constrainedexpr as type5constrainedexpr
+from .type5 import record as type5record
+from .type5 import typeexpr as type5typeexpr
 
-WEBASSEMBLY_BUILDIN_FLOAT_OPS: Final = ('abs', 'sqrt', 'ceil', 'floor', 'trunc', 'nearest', )
-WEBASSEMBLY_BUILDIN_BYTES_OPS: Final = ('len', )
 
-from .typing import (
-    TypeBase,
-    TypeNone,
-    TypeBool,
-    TypeUInt8, TypeUInt32, TypeUInt64,
-    TypeInt32, TypeInt64,
-    TypeFloat32, TypeFloat64,
-    TypeBytes,
-    TypeTuple, TypeTupleMember,
-    TypeStaticArray, TypeStaticArrayMember,
-    TypeStruct, TypeStructMember,
-)
+class SourceRef:
+    __slots__ = ('filename', 'lineno', 'colno', )
+
+    filename: str | None
+    lineno: int | None
+    colno: int | None
+
+    def __init__(self, filename: str | None, lineno: int | None = None, colno: int | None = None) -> None:
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.lineno = lineno
+        self.colno = colno
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"SourceRef({self.filename!r}, {self.lineno!r}, {self.colno!r})"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.filename}:{self.lineno:>4}:{self.colno:<3}"
 
 class Expression:
     """
     An expression within a statement
     """
-    __slots__ = ('type', )
+    __slots__ = ('type5', 'sourceref', )
 
-    type: TypeBase
+    sourceref: SourceRef
+    type5: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr | None
 
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeBase) -> None:
-        self.type = type_
+    def __init__(self, *, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        self.sourceref = sourceref
+        self.type5 = None
 
 class Constant(Expression):
     """
     An constant value expression within a statement
+
+    # FIXME: Rename to literal
     """
     __slots__ = ()
 
-class ConstantUInt8(Constant):
+class ConstantPrimitive(Constant):
     """
-    An UInt8 constant value expression within a statement
+    An primitive constant value expression within a statement
     """
     __slots__ = ('value', )
 
-    value: int
+    value: int | float
 
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeUInt8, value: int) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
+    def __init__(self, value: int | float, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
         self.value = value
 
-class ConstantUInt32(Constant):
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'ConstantPrimitive({repr(self.value)})'
+
+class ConstantMemoryStored(Constant):
     """
-    An UInt32 constant value expression within a statement
+    An constant value expression within a statement
+
+    # FIXME: Rename to literal
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('data_block', )
+
+    data_block: 'ModuleDataBlock'
+
+    def __init__(self, data_block: 'ModuleDataBlock', sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
+        self.data_block = data_block
+
+class ConstantBytes(ConstantMemoryStored):
+    """
+    A bytes constant value expression within a statement
     """
     __slots__ = ('value', )
 
-    value: int
+    value: bytes
 
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeUInt32, value: int) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
+    def __init__(self, value: bytes, data_block: 'ModuleDataBlock', sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(data_block, sourceref=sourceref)
         self.value = value
 
-class ConstantUInt64(Constant):
-    """
-    An UInt64 constant value expression within a statement
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('value', )
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        # Do not repr the whole ModuleDataBlock
+        # As this has a reference back to this constant for its data
+        # which it needs to compile the data into the program
+        return f'ConstantBytes({repr(self.value)}, @{repr(self.data_block.address)})'
 
-    value: int
-
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeUInt64, value: int) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
-        self.value = value
-
-class ConstantInt32(Constant):
-    """
-    An Int32 constant value expression within a statement
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('value', )
-
-    value: int
-
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeInt32, value: int) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
-        self.value = value
-
-class ConstantInt64(Constant):
-    """
-    An Int64 constant value expression within a statement
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('value', )
-
-    value: int
-
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeInt64, value: int) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
-        self.value = value
-
-class ConstantFloat32(Constant):
-    """
-    An Float32 constant value expression within a statement
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('value', )
-
-    value: float
-
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeFloat32, value: float) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
-        self.value = value
-
-class ConstantFloat64(Constant):
-    """
-    An Float64 constant value expression within a statement
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('value', )
-
-    value: float
-
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeFloat64, value: float) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
-        self.value = value
-
-class ConstantTuple(Constant):
+class ConstantTuple(ConstantMemoryStored):
     """
     A Tuple constant value expression within a statement
     """
     __slots__ = ('value', )
 
-    value: List[Constant]
+    value: List[Union[ConstantPrimitive, ConstantBytes, 'ConstantTuple', 'ConstantStruct']]
 
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeTuple, value: List[Constant]) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
+    def __init__(self, value: List[Union[ConstantPrimitive, ConstantBytes, 'ConstantTuple', 'ConstantStruct']], data_block: 'ModuleDataBlock', sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(data_block, sourceref=sourceref)
         self.value = value
 
-class ConstantStaticArray(Constant):
-    """
-    A StaticArray constant value expression within a statement
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('value', )
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        # Do not repr the whole ModuleDataBlock
+        # As this has a reference back to this constant for its data
+        # which it needs to compile the data into the program
+        return f'ConstantTuple({repr(self.value)}, @{repr(self.data_block.address)})'
 
-    value: List[Constant]
+class ConstantStruct(ConstantMemoryStored):
+    """
+    A Struct constant value expression within a statement
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('struct_type5', 'value', )
 
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeStaticArray, value: List[Constant]) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
+    struct_type5: type5record.Record
+    value: list[ConstantPrimitive | ConstantBytes | ConstantTuple | ConstantStruct]
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            struct_type5: type5record.Record,
+            value: list[ConstantPrimitive | ConstantBytes | ConstantTuple | ConstantStruct],
+            data_block: 'ModuleDataBlock',
+            sourceref: SourceRef
+        ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(data_block, sourceref=sourceref)
+        self.struct_type5 = struct_type5
         self.value = value
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        # Do not repr the whole ModuleDataBlock
+        # As this has a reference back to this constant for its data
+        # which it needs to compile the data into the program
+        return f'ConstantStruct({self.struct_type5!r}, {self.value!r}, @{self.data_block.address!r})'
+
 class VariableReference(Expression):
     """
     An variable reference expression within a statement
     """
-    __slots__ = ('name', )
+    __slots__ = ('variable', )
 
-    name: str
+    variable: Union['ModuleConstantDef', 'FunctionParam'] # also possibly local
 
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeBase, name: str) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
-        self.name = name
-
-class UnaryOp(Expression):
-    """
-    A unary operator expression within a statement
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('operator', 'right', )
-
-    operator: str
-    right: Expression
-
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeBase, operator: str, right: Expression) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
-
-        self.operator = operator
-        self.right = right
+    def __init__(self, variable: Union['ModuleConstantDef', 'FunctionParam'], sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
+        self.variable = variable
 
 class BinaryOp(Expression):
     """
     A binary operator expression within a statement
     """
-    __slots__ = ('operator', 'left', 'right', )
+    __slots__ = ('operator', 'polytype_substitutions', 'left', 'right', )
 
-    operator: str
+    operator: Function | FunctionParam
+    polytype_substitutions: dict[type5typeexpr.TypeVariable, type5typeexpr.TypeExpr]
     left: Expression
     right: Expression
 
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeBase, operator: str, left: Expression, right: Expression) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
+    def __init__(self, operator: Function | FunctionParam, left: Expression, right: Expression, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
 
         self.operator = operator
+        self.polytype_substitutions = {}
         self.left = left
         self.right = right
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'BinaryOp({repr(self.operator)}, {repr(self.left)}, {repr(self.right)})'
+
 class FunctionCall(Expression):
     """
     A function call expression within a statement
     """
-    __slots__ = ('function', 'arguments', )
+    __slots__ = ('function', 'polytype_substitutions', 'arguments', )
 
-    function: 'Function'
+    function: Function | FunctionParam
+    polytype_substitutions: dict[type5typeexpr.TypeVariable, type5typeexpr.TypeExpr]
     arguments: List[Expression]
 
-    def __init__(self, function: 'Function') -> None:
-        super().__init__(function.returns)
+    def __init__(self, function: Function | FunctionParam, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
 
         self.function = function
+        self.polytype_substitutions = {}
         self.arguments = []
 
-class AccessBytesIndex(Expression):
+class FunctionReference(Expression):
     """
-    Access a bytes index for reading
+    An function reference expression within a statement
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('function', )
+
+    function: 'Function'
+
+    def __init__(self, function: 'Function', sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
+        self.function = function
+
+class TupleInstantiation(Expression):
+    """
+    Instantiation a tuple
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('elements', )
+
+    elements: List[Expression]
+
+    def __init__(self, elements: List[Expression], sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
+
+        self.elements = elements
+
+class Subscript(Expression):
+    """
+    A subscript, for example to refer to a static array or tuple
+    by index
     """
     __slots__ = ('varref', 'index', )
 
     varref: VariableReference
     index: Expression
 
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeBase, varref: VariableReference, index: Expression) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
+    def __init__(self, varref: VariableReference, index: Expression, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
 
         self.varref = varref
         self.index = index
@@ -229,94 +240,24 @@ class AccessStructMember(Expression):
     __slots__ = ('varref', 'member', )
 
     varref: VariableReference
-    member: TypeStructMember
+    member: str
 
-    def __init__(self, varref: VariableReference,  member: TypeStructMember) -> None:
-        super().__init__(member.type)
+    def __init__(self, varref: VariableReference,  member: str, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
 
         self.varref = varref
         self.member = member
 
-class AccessTupleMember(Expression):
-    """
-    Access a tuple member for reading of writing
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('varref', 'member', )
-
-    varref: VariableReference
-    member: TypeTupleMember
-
-    def __init__(self, varref: VariableReference, member: TypeTupleMember, ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(member.type)
-
-        self.varref = varref
-        self.member = member
-
-class AccessStaticArrayMember(Expression):
-    """
-    Access a tuple member for reading of writing
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('varref', 'static_array', 'member', )
-
-    varref: Union['ModuleConstantReference', VariableReference]
-    static_array: TypeStaticArray
-    member: Union[Expression, TypeStaticArrayMember]
-
-    def __init__(self, varref: Union['ModuleConstantReference', VariableReference], static_array: TypeStaticArray, member: Union[TypeStaticArrayMember, Expression], ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(static_array.member_type)
-
-        self.varref = varref
-        self.static_array = static_array
-        self.member = member
-
-class Fold(Expression):
-    """
-    A (left or right) fold
-    """
-    class Direction(enum.Enum):
-        """
-        Which direction to fold in
-        """
-        LEFT = 0
-        RIGHT = 1
-
-    dir: Direction
-    func: 'Function'
-    base: Expression
-    iter: Expression
-
-    def __init__(
-            self,
-            type_: TypeBase,
-            dir_: Direction,
-            func: 'Function',
-            base: Expression,
-            iter_: Expression,
-        ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
-
-        self.dir = dir_
-        self.func = func
-        self.base = base
-        self.iter = iter_
-
-class ModuleConstantReference(Expression):
-    """
-    An reference to a module constant expression within a statement
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('definition', )
-
-    definition: 'ModuleConstantDef'
-
-    def __init__(self, type_: TypeBase, definition: 'ModuleConstantDef') -> None:
-        super().__init__(type_)
-        self.definition = definition
-
 class Statement:
     """
     A statement within a function
     """
-    __slots__ = ()
+    __slots__ = ("sourceref", )
+
+    sourceref: SourceRef
+
+    def __init__(self, *, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        self.sourceref = sourceref
 
 class StatementPass(Statement):
     """
@@ -324,15 +265,23 @@ class StatementPass(Statement):
     """
     __slots__ = ()
 
+    def __init__(self, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
+
 class StatementReturn(Statement):
     """
     A return statement within a function
     """
     __slots__ = ('value', )
 
-    def __init__(self, value: Expression) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, value: Expression, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(sourceref=sourceref)
+
         self.value = value
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'StatementReturn({repr(self.value)})'
+
 class StatementIf(Statement):
     """
     An if statement within a function
@@ -348,30 +297,64 @@ class StatementIf(Statement):
         self.statements = []
         self.else_statements = []
 
-FunctionParam = Tuple[str, TypeBase]
+class FunctionParam:
+    """
+    A parameter for a Function
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('name', 'type5', )
+
+    name: str
+    type5: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, type5: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr) -> None:
+        assert type5typeexpr.is_concrete(type5)
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.type5 = type5
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'FunctionParam({self.name!r}, {self.type5!r})'
 
 class Function:
     """
     A function processes input and produces output
     """
-    __slots__ = ('name', 'lineno', 'exported', 'imported', 'statements', 'returns', 'posonlyargs', )
+    __slots__ = ('name', 'sourceref', 'exported', 'imported', 'statements', 'type5', 'arg_names', )
 
     name: str
-    lineno: int
+    sourceref: SourceRef
     exported: bool
-    imported: bool
+    imported: Optional[str]
     statements: List[Statement]
-    returns: TypeBase
-    posonlyargs: List[FunctionParam]
+    type5: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr | type5constrainedexpr.ConstrainedExpr | None
+    arg_names: list[str]
 
-    def __init__(self, name: str, lineno: int) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, name: str, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
         self.name = name
-        self.lineno = lineno
+        self.sourceref = sourceref
         self.exported = False
-        self.imported = False
+        self.imported = None
         self.statements = []
-        self.returns = TypeNone()
-        self.posonlyargs = []
+        self.type5 = None
+        self.arg_names = []
+
+class BuiltinFunction(Function):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, type5: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr | type5constrainedexpr.ConstrainedExpr) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name, SourceRef("/", 0, 0))
+        self.type5 = type5
+
+class StructDefinition:
+    """
+    The definition for a struct
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('struct_type5', 'sourceref', )
+
+    struct_type5: type5record.Record
+    sourceref: SourceRef
+
+    def __init__(self, struct_type5: type5record.Record, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        self.struct_type5 = struct_type5
+        self.sourceref = sourceref
 
 class StructConstructor(Function):
     """
@@ -380,58 +363,33 @@ class StructConstructor(Function):
     A function will generated to instantiate a struct. The arguments
     will be the defaults
     """
-    __slots__ = ('struct', )
+    __slots__ = ('struct_type5', )
 
-    struct: TypeStruct
+    struct_type5: type5record.Record
 
-    def __init__(self, struct: TypeStruct) -> None:
-        super().__init__(f'@{struct.name}@__init___@', -1)
+    def __init__(self, struct_type5: type5record.Record, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        super().__init__(f'@{struct_type5.name}@__init___@', sourceref)
+        self.struct_type5 = struct_type5
 
-        self.returns = struct
-
-        for mem in struct.members:
-            self.posonlyargs.append((mem.name, mem.type, ))
-
-        self.struct = struct
-
-class TupleConstructor(Function):
-    """
-    The constructor method for a tuple
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('tuple', )
-
-    tuple: TypeTuple
-
-    def __init__(self, tuple_: TypeTuple) -> None:
-        name = tuple_.render_internal_name()
-
-        super().__init__(f'@{name}@__init___@', -1)
-
-        self.returns = tuple_
-
-        for mem in tuple_.members:
-            self.posonlyargs.append((f'arg{mem.idx}', mem.type, ))
-
-        self.tuple = tuple_
+        for mem, typ in struct_type5.fields:
+            self.arg_names.append(mem)
 
 class ModuleConstantDef:
     """
     A constant definition within a module
     """
-    __slots__ = ('name', 'lineno', 'type', 'constant', 'data_block', )
+    __slots__ = ('name', 'sourceref', 'type5', 'constant', )
 
     name: str
-    lineno: int
-    type: TypeBase
+    sourceref: SourceRef
+    type5: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr
     constant: Constant
-    data_block: Optional['ModuleDataBlock']
 
-    def __init__(self, name: str, lineno: int, type_: TypeBase, constant: Constant, data_block: Optional['ModuleDataBlock']) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, name: str, sourceref: SourceRef, type5: type5typeexpr.TypeExpr, constant: Constant) -> None:
         self.name = name
-        self.lineno = lineno
-        self.type = type_
+        self.sourceref = sourceref
+        self.type5 = type5
         self.constant = constant
-        self.data_block = data_block
 
 class ModuleDataBlock:
     """
@@ -439,13 +397,16 @@ class ModuleDataBlock:
     """
     __slots__ = ('data', 'address', )
 
-    data: List[Constant]
+    data: List[Union[ConstantPrimitive, ConstantMemoryStored]]
     address: Optional[int]
 
-    def __init__(self, data: List[Constant]) -> None:
-        self.data = data
+    def __init__(self, data: Iterable[Union[ConstantPrimitive, ConstantMemoryStored]]) -> None:
+        self.data = [*data]
         self.address = None
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'ModuleDataBlock({self.data!r}, {self.address!r})'
+
 class ModuleData:
     """
     The data for when a module is loaded into memory
@@ -457,31 +418,32 @@ class ModuleData:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.blocks = []
 
-class Module:
+class Module[G]:
     """
     A module is a file and consists of functions
     """
-    __slots__ = ('data', 'types',  'structs', 'constant_defs', 'functions',)
+    __slots__ = ('build', 'filename', 'data', 'types', 'type5s', 'struct_definitions', 'constant_defs', 'functions', 'methods', 'operators', 'functions_table', )
 
+    build: BuildBase[G]
+    filename: str
     data: ModuleData
-    types: Dict[str, TypeBase]
-    structs: Dict[str, TypeStruct]
+    types: dict[str, type5typeexpr.TypeExpr]
+    struct_definitions: Dict[str, StructDefinition]
     constant_defs: Dict[str, ModuleConstantDef]
     functions: Dict[str, Function]
+    methods: Dict[str, type5typeexpr.TypeExpr | type5constrainedexpr.ConstrainedExpr]
+    operators: Dict[str, type5typeexpr.TypeExpr | type5constrainedexpr.ConstrainedExpr]
+    functions_table: dict[Function, int]
+
+    def __init__(self, build: BuildBase[G], filename: str) -> None:
+        self.build = build
+        self.filename = filename
 
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.types = {
-            'None': TypeNone(),
-            'u8': TypeUInt8(),
-            'u32': TypeUInt32(),
-            'u64': TypeUInt64(),
-            'i32': TypeInt32(),
-            'i64': TypeInt64(),
-            'f32': TypeFloat32(),
-            'f64': TypeFloat64(),
-            'bytes': TypeBytes(),
-        }
         self.data = ModuleData()
-        self.structs = {}
+        self.types = {}
+        self.struct_definitions = {}
         self.constant_defs = {}
         self.functions = {}
+        self.methods = {}
+        self.operators = {}
+        self.functions_table = {}

phasm/stdlib/alloc.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 """
 stdlib: Memory allocation
 """
-from phasm.wasmgenerator import Generator, VarType_i32 as i32, func_wrapper
+from phasm.wasmgenerator import Generator, func_wrapper
+from phasm.wasmgenerator import VarType_i32 as i32
 
 IDENTIFIER = 0xA1C0
 
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ UNALLOC_PTR = ADR_UNALLOC_PTR + 4
 
 # For memory initialization see phasm.compiler.module_data
 
-@func_wrapper(exported=False)
+@func_wrapper()
 def __find_free_block__(g: Generator, alloc_size: i32) -> i32:
     # Find out if we've freed any blocks at all so far
     g.i32.const(ADR_FREE_BLOCK_PTR)
@@ -26,12 +27,12 @@ def __find_free_block__(g: Generator, alloc_size: i32) -> i32:
         g.i32.const(0)
         g.return_()
 
-    del alloc_size # TODO
+    del alloc_size # TODO: Actual implement using a previously freed block
     g.unreachable()
 
     return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
 
-@func_wrapper()
+@func_wrapper(exported=True)
 def __alloc__(g: Generator, alloc_size: i32) -> i32:
     result = i32('result')
 

phasm/stdlib/types.py

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 """
 stdlib: Standard types that are not wasm primitives
 """
-from phasm.wasmgenerator import Generator, VarType_i32 as i32, func_wrapper
-
 from phasm.stdlib import alloc
+from phasm.wasmgenerator import Generator, func_wrapper
+from phasm.wasmgenerator import VarType_i32 as i32
+from phasm.wasmgenerator import VarType_i64 as i64
 
-@func_wrapper()
+
+@func_wrapper(exported=True)
 def __alloc_bytes__(g: Generator, length: i32) -> i32:
     """
     Allocates room for a bytes instance, but does not write
@@ -32,35 +34,400 @@ def __alloc_bytes__(g: Generator, length: i32) -> i32:
     return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
 
 @func_wrapper()
-def __subscript_bytes__(g: Generator, adr: i32, ofs: i32) -> i32:
-    """
-    Returns an index from a bytes value
-
-    If ofs is more than the length of the bytes, this
-    function returns 0, following the 'no undefined behaviour'
-    philosophy.
-
-    adr   i32    The pointer for the allocated bytes
-    ofs   i32    The offset within the allocated bytes
-    """
-    g.local.get(ofs)
-    g.local.get(adr)
-    g.i32.load()
+def __u32_min__(g: Generator, x: i32, y: i32) -> i32:
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.local.get(y)
     g.i32.lt_u()
 
     with g.if_():
-        # The offset is less than the length
-
-        g.local.get(adr)
-        g.i32.const(4) # Bytes header
-        g.i32.add()
-        g.local.get(ofs)
-        g.i32.add()
-        g.i32.load8_u()
+        g.local.get(x)
         g.return_()
 
-    # The offset is outside the allocated bytes
-    g.i32.const(0)
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __u64_min__(g: Generator, x: i64, y: i64) -> i64:
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i64.lt_u()
+
+    with g.if_():
+        g.local.get(x)
+        g.return_()
+
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i64('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __i32_min__(g: Generator, x: i32, y: i32) -> i32:
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i32.lt_s()
+
+    with g.if_():
+        g.local.get(x)
+        g.return_()
+
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __i64_min__(g: Generator, x: i64, y: i64) -> i64:
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i64.lt_s()
+
+    with g.if_():
+        g.local.get(x)
+        g.return_()
+
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i64('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __u32_max__(g: Generator, x: i32, y: i32) -> i32:
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i32.gt_u()
+
+    with g.if_():
+        g.local.get(x)
+        g.return_()
+
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __u64_max__(g: Generator, x: i64, y: i64) -> i64:
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i64.gt_u()
+
+    with g.if_():
+        g.local.get(x)
+        g.return_()
+
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i64('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __i32_max__(g: Generator, x: i32, y: i32) -> i32:
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i32.gt_s()
+
+    with g.if_():
+        g.local.get(x)
+        g.return_()
+
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __i64_max__(g: Generator, x: i64, y: i64) -> i64:
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i64.gt_s()
+
+    with g.if_():
+        g.local.get(x)
+        g.return_()
+
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i64('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __i32_abs__(g: Generator, x: i32) -> i32:
+    # https://stackoverflow.com/a/14194764
+    y = i32('y')
+    # z = i32('z')
+
+    # y = x >> 31
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.i32.const(31)
+    g.i32.shr_s() # Must be arithmetic shift
+    g.local.set(y)
+
+    # abs(x) = (x XOR y) - y
+
+    # (x XOR y)
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i32.xor()
+
+    # - y
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i32.sub()
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __i64_abs__(g: Generator, x: i64) -> i64:
+    # https://stackoverflow.com/a/14194764
+    y = i64('y')
+    # z = i64('z')
+
+    # y = x >> 31
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.i64.const(31)
+    g.i64.shr_s() # Must be arithmetic shift
+    g.local.set(y)
+
+    # abs(x) = (x XOR y) - y
+
+    # (x XOR y)
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i64.xor()
+
+    # - y
+    g.local.get(y)
+    g.i64.sub()
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i64('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __u32_pow2__(g: Generator, x: i32) -> i32:
+    # 2^0 == 1
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.i32.eqz()
+    with g.if_():
+        g.i32.const(1)
+        g.return_()
+
+    # 2 ^ x == 2 << (x - 1)
+    # (when x > 1)
+    g.i32.const(2)
+    g.local.get(x)
+    g.i32.const(1)
+    g.i32.sub()
+    g.i32.shl()
+
+    return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __u8_rotl__(g: Generator, x: i32, r: i32) -> i32:
+    s = i32('s')  # The shifted part we need to overlay
+
+    # Handle cases where we need to shift more than 8 bits
+    g.local.get(r)
+    g.i32.const(8)
+    g.i32.rem_u()
+    g.local.set(r)
+
+    # Now do the rotation
+
+    g.local.get(x)
+
+    # 0000 0000 1100 0011
+
+    g.local.get(r)
+
+    # 0000 0000 1100 0011, 3
+
+    g.i32.shl()
+
+    # 0000 0110 0001 1000
+
+    g.local.tee(s)
+
+    # 0000 0110 0001 1000
+
+    g.i32.const(255)
+
+    # 0000 0110 0001 1000, 0000 0000 1111 1111
+
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+    # 0000 0000 0001 1000
+
+    g.local.get(s)
+
+    # 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0000 0110 0001 1000
+
+    g.i32.const(65280)
+
+    # 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0000 0110 0001 1000, 1111 1111 0000 0000
+
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+    # 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0000 0110 0000 0000
+
+    g.i32.const(8)
+
+    # 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0000 0110 0000 0000, 8
+
+    g.i32.shr_u()
+
+    # 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0000 0000 0000 0110
+
+    g.i32.or_()
+
+    # 0000 0000 0001 110
+
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __u8_rotr__(g: Generator, x: i32, r: i32) -> i32:
+    s = i32('s')  # The shifted part we need to overlay
+
+    # Handle cases where we need to shift more than 8 bits
+    g.local.get(r)
+    g.i32.const(8)
+    g.i32.rem_u()
+    g.local.set(r)
+
+    # Now do the rotation
+
+    g.local.get(x)
+
+    # 0000 0000 1100 0011
+
+    g.local.get(r)
+
+    # 0000 0000 1100 0011, 3
+
+    g.i32.rotr()
+
+    # 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000
+
+    g.local.tee(s)
+
+    # 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000
+
+    g.i32.const(255)
+
+    # 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0000 0000 1111 1111
+
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+    # 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000
+
+    g.local.get(s)
+
+    # 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000
+
+    g.i32.const(4278190080)
+
+    # 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000, 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
+
+    g.i32.and_()
+
+    # 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
+
+    g.i32.const(24)
+
+    # 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000, 24
+
+    g.i32.shr_u()
+
+    # 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 1000, 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0110 0000
+
+    g.i32.or_()
+
+    # 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0111 1000
+
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __u16_rotl__(g: Generator, x: i32, r: i32) -> i32:
+    s = i32('s')  # The shifted part we need to overlay
+
+    # Handle cases where we need to shift more than 8 bits
+    g.local.get(r)
+    g.i32.const(8)
+    g.i32.rem_u()
+    g.local.set(r)
+
+    # Now do the rotation
+
+    g.local.get(x)
+    # 0x0000B2C3
+    g.local.get(r)
+    # 0x0000B2C3, 3
+    g.i32.shl()
+    # 0x00059618
+    g.local.tee(s)
+    # 0x00059618
+    g.i32.const(0xFFFF)
+    # 0x00059618, 0x0000FFFF
+    g.i32.and_()
+    # 0x00009618
+    g.local.get(s)
+    # 0x00009618, 0x00059618
+    g.i32.const(0xFFFF0000)
+    # 0x00009618, 0x00059618, 0xFFFF0000
+    g.i32.and_()
+    # 0x00009618, 0x00050000
+    g.i32.const(16)
+    # 0x00009618, 0x00050000, 16
+    g.i32.shr_u()
+    # 0x00009618, 0x00000005, 16
+    g.i32.or_()
+    # 0x0000961D
+    g.return_()
+
+    return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy
+
+@func_wrapper()
+def __u16_rotr__(g: Generator, x: i32, r: i32) -> i32:
+    s = i32('s')  # The shifted part we need to overlay
+
+    # Handle cases where we need to shift more than 16 bits
+    g.local.get(r)
+    g.i32.const(16)
+    g.i32.rem_u()
+    g.local.set(r)
+
+    # Now do the rotation
+
+    g.local.get(x)
+    # 0x0000B2C3
+    g.local.get(r)
+    # 0x0000B2C3, 3
+    g.i32.rotr()
+    # 0x60001658
+    g.local.tee(s)
+    # 0x60001658
+    g.i32.const(0xFFFF)
+    # 0x60001658, 0x0000FFFF
+    g.i32.and_()
+    # 0x00001658
+    g.local.get(s)
+    # 0x00001658, 0x60001658
+    g.i32.const(0xFFFF0000)
+    # 0x00001658, 0x60001658, 0xFFFF0000
+    g.i32.and_()
+    # 0x00001658, 0x60000000
+    g.i32.const(16)
+    # 0x00001658, 0x60000000, 16
+    g.i32.shr_u()
+    # 0x00001658, 0x00006000
+    g.i32.or_()
+    # 0x00007658
     g.return_()
 
     return i32('return') # To satisfy mypy

phasm/type5/constrainedexpr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+"""
+Some expression have constraints - those are usually the outmost expressions.
+"""
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Callable, Self
+
+from .kindexpr import KindExpr
+from .typeexpr import TypeExpr, TypeVariable, instantiate
+
+
+class TypeConstraint:
+    """
+    Base class for type constraints
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def instantiate(self, known_map: dict[TypeVariable, TypeVariable]) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+@dataclass
+class ConstrainedExpr:
+    """
+    Also known as a polytype.
+
+    We only have rank 1 types, so this is always on the outside.
+    """
+    variables: set[TypeVariable]
+    expr: TypeExpr
+    constraints: tuple[TypeConstraint, ...]
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((
+            tuple(sorted(self.variables)),
+            self.expr,
+            self.constraints,
+        ))
+
+# TODO: Move instantiate here? it only makes sense for polytypes
+
+def instantiate_constrained(
+        constrainedexpr: ConstrainedExpr,
+        make_variable: Callable[[KindExpr, str], TypeVariable],
+    ) -> tuple[ConstrainedExpr, dict[TypeVariable, TypeVariable]]:
+    """
+    Instantiates a type expression and its constraints
+    """
+    # Would be handier if we had the list of variables on ConstrainedExpr
+    # So we don't have to pass make_variable
+    # This also helps with FunctionCall.substitutions
+    known_map = {
+        v: make_variable(v.kind, v.name)
+        for v in constrainedexpr.variables
+    }
+
+    expr = instantiate(constrainedexpr.expr, known_map)
+    constraints = tuple(
+        x.instantiate(known_map)
+        for x in constrainedexpr.constraints
+    )
+    return ConstrainedExpr(constrainedexpr.variables, expr, constraints), known_map

phasm/type5/constraints.py

@@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from typing import Any, Callable, Iterable, Protocol, Sequence, TypeAlias
+
+from ..build.base import BuildBase
+from ..ourlang import SourceRef
+from ..wasm import WasmTypeFloat32, WasmTypeFloat64, WasmTypeInt32, WasmTypeInt64
+from .kindexpr import KindExpr, Star
+from .record import Record
+from .typeexpr import (
+    AtomicType,
+    TypeApplication,
+    TypeConstructor,
+    TypeExpr,
+    TypeLevelNat,
+    TypeVariable,
+    is_concrete,
+    occurs,
+    replace_variable,
+)
+
+
+class ExpressionProtocol(Protocol):
+    """
+    A protocol for classes that should be updated on substitution
+    """
+
+    type5: TypeExpr | None
+    """
+    The type to update
+    """
+
+PolytypeSubsituteMap: TypeAlias = dict[TypeVariable, TypeExpr]
+
+class Context:
+    __slots__ = ("build", "placeholder_update", "ptst_update", )
+
+    build: BuildBase[Any]
+    placeholder_update: dict[TypeVariable, ExpressionProtocol | None]
+    ptst_update: dict[TypeVariable, tuple[PolytypeSubsituteMap, TypeVariable]]
+
+    def __init__(self, build: BuildBase[Any]) -> None:
+        self.build = build
+        self.placeholder_update = {}
+        self.ptst_update = {}
+
+    def make_placeholder(self, arg: ExpressionProtocol | None = None, kind: KindExpr = Star(), prefix: str = 'p') -> TypeVariable:
+        res = TypeVariable(kind, f"{prefix}_{len(self.placeholder_update)}")
+        self.placeholder_update[res] = arg
+        return res
+
+    def register_polytype_subsitutes(self, tvar: TypeVariable, arg: PolytypeSubsituteMap, orig_var: TypeVariable) -> None:
+        """
+        When `tvar` gets subsituted, also set the result in arg with orig_var as key
+
+        e.g.
+
+        (-) :: Callable[a, a, a]
+
+        def foo() -> u32:
+            return 2 - 1
+
+        During typing, we instantiate a into a_3, and get the following constraints:
+         - u8 ~ p_1
+         - u8 ~ p_2
+         - Exists NatNum a_3
+         - Callable[a_3, a_3, a_3] ~ Callable[p_1, p_2, p_0]
+         - u8 ~ p_0
+
+        When we resolve a_3, then on the call to `-`, we should note that a_3 got resolved
+        to u32. But we need to use `a` as key, since that's what's used on the definition
+        """
+        assert tvar in self.placeholder_update
+        assert tvar not in self.ptst_update
+        self.ptst_update[tvar] = (arg, orig_var)
+
+class Success:
+    """
+    The contsraint checks out.
+
+    Nothing new was learned and nothing new needs to be checked.
+    """
+
+    def to_str(self, type_namer: Callable[[TypeExpr], str]) -> str:
+        return '(ok)'
+
+class SkipForNow:
+    """
+    Not enough information to resolve this constraint
+    """
+
+    def to_str(self, type_namer: Callable[[TypeExpr], str]) -> str:
+        return '(skip for now)'
+
+class ConstraintList(list['ConstraintBase']):
+    """
+    A new list of constraints.
+
+    Sometimes, checking one constraint means you get a list of new contraints.
+    """
+    def to_str(self, type_namer: Callable[[TypeExpr], str]) -> str:
+        return f'(got {len(self)} new constraints)'
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class Failure:
+    """
+    Both types are already different - cannot be unified.
+    """
+    msg: str
+
+    def to_str(self, type_namer: Callable[[TypeExpr], str]) -> str:
+        return f'ERR: {self.msg}'
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class ReplaceVariable:
+    """
+    A variable should be replaced.
+
+    Either by another variable or by a (concrete) type.
+    """
+    var: TypeVariable
+    typ: TypeExpr
+
+    def to_str(self, type_namer: Callable[[TypeExpr], str]) -> str:
+        return f'{{{self.var.name} := {type_namer(self.typ)}}}'
+
+CheckResult: TypeAlias = Success | SkipForNow | ConstraintList | Failure | ReplaceVariable
+
+def ok() -> CheckResult:
+    return Success()
+
+def skip_for_now() -> CheckResult:
+    return SkipForNow()
+
+def new_constraints(lst: Iterable[ConstraintBase]) -> CheckResult:
+    return ConstraintList(lst)
+
+def fail(msg: str) -> CheckResult:
+    return Failure(msg)
+
+def replace(var: TypeVariable, typ: TypeExpr) -> CheckResult:
+    return ReplaceVariable(var, typ)
+
+class ConstraintBase:
+    __slots__ = ("ctx", "sourceref", )
+
+    ctx: Context
+    sourceref: SourceRef
+
+    def __init__(self, ctx: Context, sourceref: SourceRef) -> None:
+        self.ctx = ctx
+        self.sourceref = sourceref
+
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        raise NotImplementedError(self)
+
+    def complexity(self) -> int:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def replace_variable(self, var: TypeVariable, typ: TypeExpr) -> None:
+        pass
+
+class FromLiteralInteger(ConstraintBase):
+    __slots__ = ('type5', 'literal', )
+
+    type5: TypeExpr
+    literal: int
+
+    def __init__(self, ctx: Context, sourceref: SourceRef, type5: TypeExpr, literal: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(ctx, sourceref)
+
+        self.type5 = type5
+        self.literal = literal
+
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        if not is_concrete(self.type5):
+            return skip_for_now()
+
+        type_info = self.ctx.build.type_info_map.get(self.type5.name)
+        if type_info is None:
+            return fail('Cannot convert from literal integer')
+
+        if type_info.wasm_type is not WasmTypeInt32 and type_info.wasm_type is not WasmTypeInt64:
+            return fail('Cannot convert from literal integer')
+
+        assert type_info.signed is not None  # type hint
+
+        if not type_info.signed and self.literal < 0:
+            return fail('May not be negative')
+
+        try:
+            self.literal.to_bytes(type_info.alloc_size, 'big', signed=type_info.signed)
+        except OverflowError:
+            return fail(f'Must fit in {type_info.alloc_size} byte(s)')
+
+        return ok()
+
+    def replace_variable(self, var: TypeVariable, typ: TypeExpr) -> None:
+        self.type5 = replace_variable(self.type5, var, typ)
+
+    def complexity(self) -> int:
+        return 100 + complexity(self.type5)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f'FromLiteralInteger {self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.type5)} ~ {self.literal!r}'
+
+class FromLiteralFloat(ConstraintBase):
+    __slots__ = ('type5', 'literal', )
+
+    type5: TypeExpr
+    literal: float
+
+    def __init__(self, ctx: Context, sourceref: SourceRef, type5: TypeExpr, literal: float) -> None:
+        super().__init__(ctx, sourceref)
+
+        self.type5 = type5
+        self.literal = literal
+
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        if not is_concrete(self.type5):
+            return skip_for_now()
+
+        type_info = self.ctx.build.type_info_map.get(self.type5.name)
+        if type_info is None:
+            return fail('Cannot convert from literal float')
+
+        if type_info.wasm_type is not WasmTypeFloat32 and type_info.wasm_type is not WasmTypeFloat64:
+            return fail('Cannot convert from literal float')
+
+        # TODO: Precision check
+
+        return ok()
+
+    def replace_variable(self, var: TypeVariable, typ: TypeExpr) -> None:
+        self.type5 = replace_variable(self.type5, var, typ)
+
+    def complexity(self) -> int:
+        return 100 + complexity(self.type5)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f'FromLiteralFloat {self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.type5)} ~ {self.literal!r}'
+
+class FromLiteralBytes(ConstraintBase):
+    __slots__ = ('type5', 'literal', )
+
+    type5: TypeExpr
+    literal: bytes
+
+    def __init__(self, ctx: Context, sourceref: SourceRef, type5: TypeExpr, literal: bytes) -> None:
+        super().__init__(ctx, sourceref)
+
+        self.type5 = type5
+        self.literal = literal
+
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        if not is_concrete(self.type5):
+            return skip_for_now()
+
+        da_arg = self.ctx.build.type5_is_dynamic_array(self.type5)
+        if da_arg is None or da_arg != self.ctx.build.u8_type5:
+            return fail('Cannot convert from literal bytes')
+
+        return ok()
+
+    def replace_variable(self, var: TypeVariable, typ: TypeExpr) -> None:
+        self.type5 = replace_variable(self.type5, var, typ)
+
+    def complexity(self) -> int:
+        return 100 + complexity(self.type5)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f'FromLiteralBytes {self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.type5)} ~ {self.literal!r}'
+
+class UnifyTypesConstraint(ConstraintBase):
+    __slots__ = ("lft", "rgt", "prefix", )
+
+    def __init__(self, ctx: Context, sourceref: SourceRef, lft: TypeExpr, rgt: TypeExpr, prefix: str | None = None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(ctx, sourceref)
+
+        self.lft = lft
+        self.rgt = rgt
+        self.prefix = prefix
+
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        lft = self.lft
+        rgt = self.rgt
+
+        if lft == self.rgt:
+            return ok()
+
+        if lft.kind != rgt.kind:
+            return fail("Kind mismatch")
+
+
+
+        if isinstance(lft, AtomicType) and isinstance(rgt, AtomicType):
+            return fail("Not the same type")
+
+        if isinstance(lft, AtomicType) and isinstance(rgt, TypeVariable):
+            return replace(rgt, lft)
+
+        if isinstance(lft, AtomicType) and isinstance(rgt, TypeConstructor):
+            raise NotImplementedError  # Should have been caught by kind check above
+
+        if isinstance(lft, AtomicType) and isinstance(rgt, TypeApplication):
+            return fail("Not the same type" if is_concrete(rgt) else "Type shape mismatch")
+
+
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeVariable) and isinstance(rgt, AtomicType):
+            return replace(lft, rgt)
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeVariable) and isinstance(rgt, TypeVariable):
+            return replace(lft, rgt)
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeVariable) and isinstance(rgt, TypeConstructor):
+            return replace(lft, rgt)
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeVariable) and isinstance(rgt, TypeApplication):
+            if occurs(lft, rgt):
+                return fail("One type occurs in the other")
+
+            return replace(lft, rgt)
+
+
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeConstructor) and isinstance(rgt, AtomicType):
+            raise NotImplementedError  # Should have been caught by kind check above
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeConstructor) and isinstance(rgt, TypeVariable):
+            return replace(rgt, lft)
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeConstructor) and isinstance(rgt, TypeConstructor):
+            return fail("Not the same type constructor")
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeConstructor) and isinstance(rgt, TypeApplication):
+            return fail("Not the same type constructor")
+
+
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeApplication) and isinstance(rgt, AtomicType):
+            return fail("Not the same type" if is_concrete(lft) else "Type shape mismatch")
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeApplication) and isinstance(rgt, TypeVariable):
+            if occurs(rgt, lft):
+                return fail("One type occurs in the other")
+
+            return replace(rgt, lft)
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeApplication) and isinstance(rgt, TypeConstructor):
+            return fail("Not the same type constructor")
+
+        if isinstance(lft, TypeApplication) and isinstance(rgt, TypeApplication):
+
+            ## USABILITY HACK
+            ## Often, we have two type applications in the same go
+            ## If so, resolve it in a single step
+            ## (Helps with debugging function unification)
+            ## This *should* not affect the actual type unification
+            ## It's just one less call to UnifyTypesConstraint.check
+            if isinstance(lft.constructor, TypeApplication) and isinstance(rgt.constructor, TypeApplication):
+                return new_constraints([
+                    UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, lft.constructor.constructor, rgt.constructor.constructor),
+                    UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, lft.constructor.argument, rgt.constructor.argument),
+                    UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, lft.argument, rgt.argument),
+                ])
+
+
+            return new_constraints([
+                UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, lft.constructor, rgt.constructor),
+                UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, lft.argument, rgt.argument),
+            ])
+
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(lft, rgt)
+
+    def replace_variable(self, var: TypeVariable, typ: TypeExpr) -> None:
+        self.lft = replace_variable(self.lft, var, typ)
+        self.rgt = replace_variable(self.rgt, var, typ)
+
+    def complexity(self) -> int:
+        return complexity(self.lft) + complexity(self.rgt)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        prefix = f'{self.prefix} :: ' if self.prefix else ''
+        return f"{prefix}{self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.lft)} ~ {self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.rgt)}"
+
+class CanBeSubscriptedConstraint(ConstraintBase):
+    __slots__ = ('ret_type5', 'container_type5', 'index_type5', 'index_const', )
+
+    ret_type5: TypeExpr
+    container_type5: TypeExpr
+    index_type5: TypeExpr
+    index_const: int | None
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            ctx: Context,
+            sourceref: SourceRef,
+            ret_type5: TypeExpr,
+            container_type5: TypeExpr,
+            index_type5: TypeExpr,
+            index_const: int | None,
+        ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(ctx, sourceref)
+
+        self.ret_type5 = ret_type5
+        self.container_type5 = container_type5
+        self.index_type5 = index_type5
+        self.index_const = index_const
+
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        if not is_concrete(self.container_type5):
+            return skip_for_now()
+
+        tp_args = self.ctx.build.type5_is_tuple(self.container_type5)
+        if tp_args is not None:
+            if self.index_const is None:
+                return fail('Must index with integer literal')
+
+            if len(tp_args) <= self.index_const:
+                return fail('Tuple index out of range')
+
+            return new_constraints([
+                UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, tp_args[self.index_const], self.ret_type5),
+                UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, self.ctx.build.u32_type5, self.index_type5),
+            ])
+
+        if not isinstance(self.container_type5, TypeApplication):
+            return fail('Missing type class instance')
+
+        return new_constraints([
+            TypeClassInstanceExistsConstraint(
+                self.ctx,
+                self.sourceref,
+                'Subscriptable',
+                (self.container_type5.constructor, ),
+            ),
+            UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, self.container_type5.argument, self.ret_type5),
+            UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, self.ctx.build.u32_type5, self.index_type5),
+        ])
+
+    def replace_variable(self, var: TypeVariable, typ: TypeExpr) -> None:
+        self.ret_type5 = replace_variable(self.ret_type5, var, typ)
+        self.container_type5 = replace_variable(self.container_type5, var, typ)
+        self.index_type5 = replace_variable(self.index_type5, var, typ)
+
+    def complexity(self) -> int:
+        return 100 + complexity(self.ret_type5) + complexity(self.container_type5) + complexity(self.index_type5)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"[] :: t a -> b -> a ~ {self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.container_type5)} -> {self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.index_type5)} -> {self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.ret_type5)}"
+
+class CanAccessStructMemberConstraint(ConstraintBase):
+    __slots__ = ('ret_type5', 'struct_type5', 'member_name', )
+
+    ret_type5: TypeExpr
+    struct_type5: TypeExpr
+    member_name: str
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            ctx: Context,
+            sourceref: SourceRef,
+            ret_type5: TypeExpr,
+            struct_type5: TypeExpr,
+            member_name: str,
+        ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(ctx, sourceref)
+
+        self.ret_type5 = ret_type5
+        self.struct_type5 = struct_type5
+        self.member_name = member_name
+
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        if not is_concrete(self.struct_type5):
+            return skip_for_now()
+
+        st_args = self.ctx.build.type5_is_struct(self.struct_type5)
+        if st_args is None:
+            return fail('Must be a struct')
+
+        member_dict = dict(st_args)
+
+        if self.member_name not in member_dict:
+            return fail('Must have a field with this name')
+
+        return UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, self.ret_type5, member_dict[self.member_name]).check()
+
+    def replace_variable(self, var: TypeVariable, typ: TypeExpr) -> None:
+        self.ret_type5 = replace_variable(self.ret_type5, var, typ)
+        self.struct_type5 = replace_variable(self.struct_type5, var, typ)
+
+    def complexity(self) -> int:
+        return 100 + complexity(self.ret_type5) + complexity(self.struct_type5)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        st_args = self.ctx.build.type5_is_struct(self.struct_type5)
+        member_dict = dict(st_args or [])
+        member_typ = member_dict.get(self.member_name)
+
+        if member_typ is None:
+            expect = 'a -> b'
+        else:
+            expect = f'{self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.struct_type5)} -> {self.ctx.build.type5_name(member_typ)}'
+
+        return f".{self.member_name} :: {expect} ~ {self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.struct_type5)} -> {self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.ret_type5)}"
+
+class FromTupleConstraint(ConstraintBase):
+    __slots__ = ('ret_type5', 'member_type5_list', )
+
+    ret_type5: TypeExpr
+    member_type5_list: list[TypeExpr]
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            ctx: Context,
+            sourceref: SourceRef,
+            ret_type5: TypeExpr,
+            member_type5_list: Sequence[TypeExpr],
+        ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(ctx, sourceref)
+
+        self.ret_type5 = ret_type5
+        self.member_type5_list = list(member_type5_list)
+
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        if not is_concrete(self.ret_type5):
+            return skip_for_now()
+
+        da_arg = self.ctx.build.type5_is_dynamic_array(self.ret_type5)
+        if da_arg is not None:
+            return new_constraints([
+                UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, da_arg, x)
+                for x in self.member_type5_list
+            ])
+
+        sa_args = self.ctx.build.type5_is_static_array(self.ret_type5)
+        if sa_args is not None:
+            sa_len, sa_typ = sa_args
+            if sa_len != len(self.member_type5_list):
+                return fail('Tuple element count mismatch')
+
+            return new_constraints([
+                UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, sa_typ, x)
+                for x in self.member_type5_list
+            ])
+
+        tp_args = self.ctx.build.type5_is_tuple(self.ret_type5)
+        if tp_args is not None:
+            if len(tp_args) != len(self.member_type5_list):
+                return fail('Tuple element count mismatch')
+
+            return new_constraints([
+                UnifyTypesConstraint(self.ctx, self.sourceref, act_typ, exp_typ)
+                for act_typ, exp_typ in zip(tp_args, self.member_type5_list, strict=True)
+            ])
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.ret_type5)
+
+    def replace_variable(self, var: TypeVariable, typ: TypeExpr) -> None:
+        self.ret_type5 = replace_variable(self.ret_type5, var, typ)
+        self.member_type5_list = [
+            replace_variable(x, var, typ)
+            for x in self.member_type5_list
+        ]
+
+    def complexity(self) -> int:
+        return 100 + complexity(self.ret_type5) + sum(complexity(x) for x in self.member_type5_list)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        args = ', '.join(self.ctx.build.type5_name(x) for x in self.member_type5_list)
+        return f'FromTuple {self.ctx.build.type5_name(self.ret_type5)} ~ ({args}, )'
+
+class TypeClassInstanceExistsConstraint(ConstraintBase):
+    __slots__ = ('typeclass', 'arg_list', )
+
+    typeclass: str
+    arg_list: list[TypeExpr]
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            ctx: Context,
+            sourceref: SourceRef,
+            typeclass: str,
+            arg_list: Sequence[TypeExpr]
+        ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(ctx, sourceref)
+
+        self.typeclass = typeclass
+        self.arg_list = list(arg_list)
+
+    def check(self) -> CheckResult:
+        c_arg_list = [
+            x for x in self.arg_list if is_concrete(x)
+        ]
+        if len(c_arg_list) != len(self.arg_list):
+            return skip_for_now()
+
+        if any(isinstance(x, Record) for x in c_arg_list):
+            # TODO: Allow users to implement type classes on their structs
+            return fail('Missing type class instance')
+
+        key = tuple(c_arg_list)
+        existing_instances = self.ctx.build.type_class_instances[self.typeclass]
+        if key in existing_instances:
+            return ok()
+
+        return fail('Missing type class instance')
+
+    def replace_variable(self, var: TypeVariable, typ: TypeExpr) -> None:
+        self.arg_list = [
+            replace_variable(x, var, typ)
+            for x in self.arg_list
+        ]
+
+    def complexity(self) -> int:
+        return 100 + sum(complexity(x) for x in self.arg_list)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        args = ' '.join(self.ctx.build.type5_name(x) for x in self.arg_list)
+        return f'Exists {self.typeclass} {args}'
+
+def complexity(expr: TypeExpr) -> int:
+    if isinstance(expr, AtomicType | TypeLevelNat):
+        return 1
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeConstructor):
+        return 2
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeVariable):
+        return 5
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeApplication):
+        return complexity(expr.constructor) + complexity(expr.argument)
+
+    raise NotImplementedError(expr)

phasm/type5/fromast.py

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+from typing import Any, Generator
+
+from .. import ourlang
+from ..typeclass import TypeClassConstraint
+from .constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr, instantiate_constrained
+from .constraints import (
+    CanAccessStructMemberConstraint,
+    CanBeSubscriptedConstraint,
+    ConstraintBase,
+    Context,
+    FromLiteralBytes,
+    FromLiteralFloat,
+    FromLiteralInteger,
+    FromTupleConstraint,
+    TypeClassInstanceExistsConstraint,
+    UnifyTypesConstraint,
+)
+from .kindexpr import KindExpr
+from .typeexpr import TypeApplication, TypeExpr, TypeVariable, is_concrete
+
+ConstraintGenerator = Generator[ConstraintBase, None, None]
+
+
+def phasm_type5_generate_constraints(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Module[Any]) -> list[ConstraintBase]:
+    return [*module(ctx, inp)]
+
+def expression_constant_primitive(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.ConstantPrimitive, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    if isinstance(inp.value, int):
+        yield FromLiteralInteger(ctx, inp.sourceref, phft, inp.value)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp.value, float):
+        yield FromLiteralFloat(ctx, inp.sourceref, phft, inp.value)
+        return
+
+    raise NotImplementedError(inp.value)
+
+def expression_constant_bytes(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.ConstantBytes, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    yield FromLiteralBytes(ctx, inp.sourceref, phft, inp.value)
+
+def expression_constant_tuple(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.ConstantTuple, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    member_type5_list = [
+        ctx.make_placeholder(arg)
+        for arg in inp.value
+    ]
+
+    for arg, arg_phft in zip(inp.value, member_type5_list):
+        yield from expression(ctx, arg, arg_phft)
+
+    yield FromTupleConstraint(ctx, inp.sourceref, phft, member_type5_list)
+
+def expression_constant_struct(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.ConstantStruct, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    member_type5_list = [
+        ctx.make_placeholder(arg)
+        for arg in inp.value
+    ]
+
+    for arg, arg_phft in zip(inp.value, member_type5_list):
+        yield from expression(ctx, arg, arg_phft)
+
+    lft = ctx.build.type5_make_function([x[1] for x in inp.struct_type5.fields] + [inp.struct_type5])
+    rgt = ctx.build.type5_make_function(member_type5_list + [phft])
+
+    yield UnifyTypesConstraint(ctx, inp.sourceref, lft, rgt)
+
+def expression_constant_memory_stored(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.ConstantMemoryStored, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ConstantBytes):
+        yield from expression_constant_bytes(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ConstantTuple):
+        yield from expression_constant_tuple(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ConstantStruct):
+        yield from expression_constant_struct(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    raise NotImplementedError(inp)
+
+def expression_constant(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Constant, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive):
+        yield from expression_constant_primitive(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.ConstantMemoryStored):
+        yield from expression_constant_memory_stored(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    raise NotImplementedError(inp)
+
+def expression_variable_reference(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.VariableReference, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    yield UnifyTypesConstraint(ctx, inp.sourceref, inp.variable.type5, phft, prefix=inp.variable.name)
+
+def expression_binary_operator(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.BinaryOp, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    yield from _expression_binary_operator_or_function_call(
+        ctx,
+        inp.operator,
+        inp.polytype_substitutions,
+        [inp.left, inp.right],
+        inp.sourceref,
+        f'({inp.operator.name})',
+        phft,
+    )
+
+def expression_function_call(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.FunctionCall, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    yield from _expression_binary_operator_or_function_call(
+        ctx,
+        inp.function,
+        inp.polytype_substitutions,
+        inp.arguments,
+        inp.sourceref,
+        inp.function.name,
+        phft,
+    )
+
+def _expression_binary_operator_or_function_call(
+    ctx: Context,
+    function: ourlang.Function | ourlang.FunctionParam,
+    polytype_substitutions: dict[TypeVariable, TypeExpr],
+    arguments: list[ourlang.Expression],
+    sourceref: ourlang.SourceRef,
+    function_name: str,
+    phft: TypeVariable,
+) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    arg_typ_list = []
+    for arg in arguments:
+        arg_tv = ctx.make_placeholder(arg)
+        yield from expression(ctx, arg, arg_tv)
+        arg_typ_list.append(arg_tv)
+
+    def make_placeholder(x: KindExpr, p: str) -> TypeVariable:
+        return ctx.make_placeholder(kind=x, prefix=p)
+
+    ftp5 = function.type5
+    assert ftp5 is not None
+    if isinstance(ftp5, ConstrainedExpr):
+        ftp5, phft_lookup = instantiate_constrained(ftp5, make_placeholder)
+
+        for orig_tvar, tvar in phft_lookup.items():
+            ctx.register_polytype_subsitutes(tvar, polytype_substitutions, orig_tvar)
+
+        for type_constraint in ftp5.constraints:
+            if isinstance(type_constraint, TypeClassConstraint):
+                yield TypeClassInstanceExistsConstraint(ctx, sourceref, type_constraint.cls.name, type_constraint.variables)
+                continue
+
+            raise NotImplementedError(type_constraint)
+
+        ftp5 = ftp5.expr
+    else:
+        assert is_concrete(ftp5)
+
+    expr_type = ctx.build.type5_make_function(arg_typ_list + [phft])
+
+    yield UnifyTypesConstraint(ctx, sourceref, ftp5, expr_type, prefix=function_name)
+
+def expression_function_reference(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.FunctionReference, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    assert inp.function.type5 is not None  # Todo: Make not nullable
+
+    ftp5 = inp.function.type5
+    if isinstance(ftp5, ConstrainedExpr):
+        ftp5 = ftp5.expr
+
+    yield UnifyTypesConstraint(ctx, inp.sourceref, ftp5, phft, prefix=inp.function.name)
+
+def expression_tuple_instantiation(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.TupleInstantiation, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    arg_typ_list = []
+    for arg in inp.elements:
+        arg_tv = ctx.make_placeholder(arg)
+        yield from expression(ctx, arg, arg_tv)
+        arg_typ_list.append(arg_tv)
+
+    yield FromTupleConstraint(ctx, inp.sourceref, phft, arg_typ_list)
+
+def expression_subscript(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Subscript, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    varref_phft = ctx.make_placeholder(inp.varref)
+    index_phft = ctx.make_placeholder(inp.index)
+
+    yield from expression(ctx, inp.varref, varref_phft)
+    yield from expression(ctx, inp.index, index_phft)
+
+    if isinstance(inp.index, ourlang.ConstantPrimitive) and isinstance(inp.index.value, int):
+        yield CanBeSubscriptedConstraint(ctx, inp.sourceref, phft, varref_phft, index_phft, inp.index.value)
+    else:
+        yield CanBeSubscriptedConstraint(ctx, inp.sourceref, phft, varref_phft, index_phft, None)
+
+def expression_access_struct_member(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.AccessStructMember, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    varref_phft = ctx.make_placeholder(inp.varref)
+
+    yield from expression_variable_reference(ctx, inp.varref, varref_phft)
+
+    yield CanAccessStructMemberConstraint(ctx, inp.sourceref, phft, varref_phft, inp.member)
+
+def expression(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Expression, phft: TypeVariable) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.Constant):
+        yield from expression_constant(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.VariableReference):
+        yield from expression_variable_reference(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.BinaryOp):
+        yield from expression_binary_operator(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.FunctionCall):
+        yield from expression_function_call(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.FunctionReference):
+        yield from expression_function_reference(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.TupleInstantiation):
+        yield from expression_tuple_instantiation(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.Subscript):
+        yield from expression_subscript(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.AccessStructMember):
+        yield from expression_access_struct_member(ctx, inp, phft)
+        return
+
+    raise NotImplementedError(inp)
+
+def statement_return(ctx: Context, fun: ourlang.Function, inp: ourlang.StatementReturn) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    phft = ctx.make_placeholder(inp.value)
+
+    if fun.type5 is None:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Deducing function type - you'll have to annotate it.")
+
+    if isinstance(fun.type5, TypeApplication):
+        args = ctx.build.type5_is_function(fun.type5)
+        assert args is not None
+        type5 = args[-1]
+    else:
+        type5 = fun.type5.expr if isinstance(fun.type5, ConstrainedExpr) else fun.type5
+
+    yield from expression(ctx, inp.value, phft)
+    yield UnifyTypesConstraint(ctx, inp.sourceref, type5, phft, prefix=f'{fun.name}(...)')
+
+def statement_if(ctx: Context, fun: ourlang.Function, inp: ourlang.StatementIf) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    test_phft = ctx.make_placeholder(inp.test)
+
+    yield from expression(ctx, inp.test, test_phft)
+
+    yield UnifyTypesConstraint(ctx, inp.test.sourceref, test_phft, ctx.build.bool_type5)
+
+    for stmt in inp.statements:
+        yield from statement(ctx, fun, stmt)
+
+    for stmt in inp.else_statements:
+        yield from statement(ctx, fun, stmt)
+
+def statement(ctx: Context, fun: ourlang.Function, inp: ourlang.Statement) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.StatementReturn):
+        yield from statement_return(ctx, fun, inp)
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(inp, ourlang.StatementIf):
+        yield from statement_if(ctx, fun, inp)
+        return
+
+    raise NotImplementedError(inp)
+
+def function(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Function) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    for stmt in inp.statements:
+        yield from statement(ctx, inp, stmt)
+
+def module_constant_def(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.ModuleConstantDef) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    phft = ctx.make_placeholder(inp.constant)
+
+    yield from expression_constant(ctx, inp.constant, phft)
+    yield UnifyTypesConstraint(ctx, inp.sourceref, inp.type5, phft)
+
+def module(ctx: Context, inp: ourlang.Module[Any]) -> ConstraintGenerator:
+    for cdef in inp.constant_defs.values():
+        yield from module_constant_def(ctx, cdef)
+
+    for func in inp.functions.values():
+        if func.imported:
+            continue
+
+        yield from function(ctx, func)
+
+        # TODO: Generalize?

phasm/type5/kindexpr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TypeAlias
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Star:
+    def __rshift__(self, other: KindExpr) -> Arrow:
+        return Arrow(self, other)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "*"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return 0  # All Stars are the same
+
+@dataclass
+class Nat:
+    def __rshift__(self, other: KindExpr) -> Arrow:
+        return Arrow(self, other)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "Nat"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return 0  # All Stars are the same
+
+@dataclass
+class Arrow:
+    """
+    Represents an arrow kind `K1 -> K2`.
+
+    To create K1 -> K2 -> K3, pass an Arrow for result_kind.
+    For now, we do not support Arrows as arguments (i.e.,
+    no higher order kinds).
+    """
+    arg_kind: Star | Nat
+    result_kind: KindExpr
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if isinstance(self.arg_kind, Star):
+            arg_kind = "*"
+        else:
+            arg_kind = f"({str(self.arg_kind)})"
+
+        if isinstance(self.result_kind, Star):
+            result_kind = "*"
+        else:
+            result_kind = f"({str(self.result_kind)})"
+
+        return f"{arg_kind} -> {result_kind}"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.arg_kind, self.result_kind, ))
+
+KindExpr: TypeAlias = Star | Nat | Arrow

phasm/type5/record.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from .kindexpr import Star
+from .typeexpr import AtomicType, TypeApplication, is_concrete
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Record(AtomicType):
+    """
+    Records are a fundamental type. But we need to store some extra info.
+    """
+    fields: tuple[tuple[str, AtomicType | TypeApplication], ...]
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, fields: tuple[tuple[str, AtomicType | TypeApplication], ...]) -> None:
+        for field_name, field_type in fields:
+            if field_type.kind != Star():
+                raise TypeError(f"Record fields must not be constructors ({field_name} :: {field_type})")
+
+            if not is_concrete(field_type):
+                raise TypeError("Record field types must be concrete types ({field_name} :: {field_type})")
+
+        super().__init__(name)
+        self.fields = fields
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        args = ", ".join(
+            f"{field_name} :: {field_type}"
+            for field_name, field_type in self.fields
+        )
+        return f"{self.name} {{{args}}} :: {self.kind}"
+
+# @dataclass
+# class RecordConstructor(TypeConstructor):
+#     """
+#     TODO.
+
+#     i.e.:
+#     ```
+#     class Foo[T, R]:
+#         lft: T
+#         rgt: R
+#     """
+#     name: str

phasm/type5/solver.py

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from ..ourlang import Module
+from .constraints import ConstraintBase, ConstraintList, Context, Failure, ReplaceVariable, SkipForNow, Success
+from .fromast import phasm_type5_generate_constraints
+from .typeexpr import TypeExpr, TypeVariable, is_concrete, replace_variable
+
+MAX_RESTACK_COUNT = 100
+
+class Type5SolverException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+def phasm_type5(inp: Module[Any], verbose: bool = False) -> None:
+    ctx = Context(inp.build)
+
+    constraint_list = phasm_type5_generate_constraints(ctx, inp)
+    assert constraint_list
+
+    placeholder_types: dict[TypeVariable, TypeExpr] = {}
+
+    error_list: list[tuple[str, str, str]] = []
+
+    if verbose:
+        print('Constraints')
+
+    for _ in range(MAX_RESTACK_COUNT):
+        if verbose:
+            for constraint in constraint_list:
+                print(f"{constraint.sourceref!s}  {constraint!s}")
+            print("Validating")
+
+        new_constraint_list: list[ConstraintBase] = []
+
+        # Iterate using a while and pop since on ReplaceVariable
+        # we want to iterate over the list as well, and since on
+        # ConstraintList we want to treat those first.
+        remaining_constraint_list = sorted(constraint_list, key=lambda x: x.complexity())
+        while remaining_constraint_list:
+            constraint = remaining_constraint_list.pop(0)
+            result = constraint.check()
+
+            if verbose:
+                print(f"{constraint.sourceref!s}  {constraint!s}")
+                print(f"{constraint.sourceref!s}  => {result.to_str(inp.build.type5_name)}")
+
+            match result:
+                case Success():
+                    # This constraint was valid
+                    continue
+                case SkipForNow():
+                    # We have to check later
+                    new_constraint_list.append(constraint)
+                    continue
+                case ConstraintList(items):
+                    # This constraint was valid, but we have new once
+                    # Do this as the first next items, so when users are reading the
+                    # solver output they don't need to context switch.
+                    remaining_constraint_list = items + remaining_constraint_list
+
+                    if verbose:
+                        for new_const in items:
+                            print(f"{constraint.sourceref!s}  => + {new_const!s}")
+
+                    continue
+                case Failure(msg):
+                    error_list.append((str(constraint.sourceref), str(constraint), msg, ))
+                    continue
+                case ReplaceVariable(action_var, action_typ):
+                    assert action_var not in placeholder_types  # When does this happen?
+                    assert not isinstance(action_typ, TypeVariable) or action_typ not in placeholder_types  # When does this happen?
+                    assert action_var != action_typ  # When does this happen?
+
+                    # Ensure all existing found types are updated
+                    # if they have this variable somewhere inside them.
+                    placeholder_types = {
+                        k: replace_variable(v, action_var, action_typ)
+                        for k, v in placeholder_types.items()
+                    }
+
+                    # Add the new variable to the registry
+                    placeholder_types[action_var] = action_typ
+
+                    # Also update all constraints that may refer to this variable
+                    # that they now have more detailed information.
+                    for oth_const in new_constraint_list + remaining_constraint_list:
+                        old_str = str(oth_const)
+                        oth_const.replace_variable(action_var, action_typ)
+                        new_str = str(oth_const)
+
+                        if verbose and old_str != new_str:
+                            print(f"{oth_const.sourceref!s}  => - {old_str!s}")
+                            print(f"{oth_const.sourceref!s}  => + {new_str!s}")
+
+                    continue
+
+        if error_list:
+            raise Type5SolverException(error_list)
+
+        if not new_constraint_list:
+            break
+
+        if verbose:
+            print()
+            print('New round')
+
+        constraint_list = new_constraint_list
+
+    if new_constraint_list:
+        raise Type5SolverException('Was unable to complete typing this program')
+
+    for placeholder, expression in ctx.placeholder_update.items():
+        if expression is None:
+            continue
+
+        resolved_type5 = placeholder_types[placeholder]
+        assert is_concrete(resolved_type5)  # When does this happen?
+        expression.type5 = resolved_type5
+
+    for placeholder, (ptst_map, orig_tvar) in ctx.ptst_update.items():
+        resolved_type5 = placeholder_types[placeholder]
+        assert is_concrete(resolved_type5)  # When does this happen?
+        ptst_map[orig_tvar] = resolved_type5

phasm/type5/typeexpr.py

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from .kindexpr import Arrow, KindExpr, Nat, Star
+
+
+@dataclass
+class TypeExpr:
+    kind: KindExpr
+    name: str
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.name} :: {self.kind}"
+
+@dataclass
+class AtomicType(TypeExpr):
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(Star(), name)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.kind, self.name))
+
+@dataclass
+class TypeLevelNat(TypeExpr):
+    value: int
+
+    def __init__(self, nat: int) -> None:
+        assert 0 <= nat
+
+        super().__init__(Nat(), str(nat))
+
+        self.value = nat
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.kind, self.name, self.value))
+
+@dataclass
+class TypeVariable(TypeExpr):
+    """
+    A placeholder in a type expression
+    """
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.kind, self.name))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, TypeVariable):
+            raise TypeError
+
+        return self.name < other.name
+
+@dataclass
+class TypeConstructor(TypeExpr):
+    def __init__(self, kind: Arrow, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(kind, name)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.kind, self.name))
+
+@dataclass
+class TypeApplication(TypeExpr):
+    constructor: TypeConstructor | TypeApplication | TypeVariable
+    argument: TypeExpr
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            constructor: TypeConstructor | TypeApplication | TypeVariable,
+            argument: TypeExpr,
+        ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(constructor.kind, Star):
+            raise TypeError("A constructor cannot be a concrete type")
+
+        if isinstance(constructor.kind, Nat):
+            raise TypeError("A constructor cannot be a number")
+
+        if constructor.kind.arg_kind != argument.kind:
+            raise TypeError("Argument does match construtor's expectations")
+
+        super().__init__(
+            constructor.kind.result_kind,
+            f"{constructor.name} ({argument.name})",
+        )
+
+        self.constructor = constructor
+        self.argument = argument
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.kind, self.name, self.constructor, self.argument))
+
+def occurs(lft: TypeVariable, rgt: TypeApplication) -> bool:
+    """
+    Checks whether the given variable occurs in the given application.
+    """
+    if lft == rgt.constructor:
+        return True
+
+    if lft == rgt.argument:
+        return True
+
+    if isinstance(rgt.argument, TypeApplication):
+        return occurs(lft, rgt.argument)
+
+    return False
+
+def is_concrete(lft: TypeExpr) -> bool:
+    """
+    A concrete type has no variables in it.
+
+    This is also known as a monomorphic type or a closed type.
+    TODO: I don't know the differen between them yet.
+    """
+    if isinstance(lft, AtomicType):
+        return True
+
+    if isinstance(lft, TypeLevelNat):
+        return True
+
+    if isinstance(lft, TypeVariable):
+        return False
+
+    if isinstance(lft, TypeConstructor):
+        return True
+
+    if isinstance(lft, TypeApplication):
+        return is_concrete(lft.constructor) and is_concrete(lft.argument)
+
+    raise NotImplementedError
+
+def is_polymorphic(lft: TypeExpr) -> bool:
+    """
+    A polymorphic type has one or more variables in it.
+    """
+    return not is_concrete(lft)
+
+def replace_variable(expr: TypeExpr, var: TypeVariable, rep_expr: TypeExpr) -> TypeExpr:
+    assert var.kind == rep_expr.kind, (var, rep_expr, )
+
+    if isinstance(expr, AtomicType):
+        # Nothing to replace
+        return expr
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeLevelNat):
+        # Nothing to replace
+        return expr
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeVariable):
+        if expr == var:
+            return rep_expr
+        return expr
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeConstructor):
+        # Nothing to replace
+        return expr
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeApplication):
+        new_constructor = replace_variable(expr.constructor, var, rep_expr)
+
+        assert isinstance(new_constructor, TypeConstructor | TypeApplication | TypeVariable)  # type hint
+
+        return TypeApplication(
+            constructor=new_constructor,
+            argument=replace_variable(expr.argument, var, rep_expr),
+        )
+
+    raise NotImplementedError
+
+def instantiate(
+        expr: TypeExpr,
+        known_map: dict[TypeVariable, TypeVariable],
+    ) -> TypeExpr:
+    """
+    Make a copy of all variables.
+
+    This is need when you use a polymorphic function in two places. In the
+    one place, `t a` may refer to `u32[...]` and in another to `f32[4]`.
+    These should not be unified since they refer to a different monomorphic
+    version of the function.
+    """
+    if isinstance(expr, AtomicType):
+        return expr
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeLevelNat):
+        return expr
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeVariable):
+        return known_map[expr]
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeConstructor):
+        return expr
+
+    if isinstance(expr, TypeApplication):
+        new_constructor = instantiate(expr.constructor, known_map)
+
+        assert isinstance(new_constructor, TypeConstructor | TypeApplication | TypeVariable)  # type hint
+
+        return TypeApplication(
+            constructor=new_constructor,
+            argument=instantiate(expr.argument, known_map),
+        )
+
+    raise NotImplementedError(expr)

phasm/type5/typerouter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from .record import Record
+from .typeexpr import (
+    AtomicType,
+    TypeApplication,
+    TypeConstructor,
+    TypeExpr,
+    TypeLevelNat,
+    TypeVariable,
+)
+
+
+class TypeRouter[T]:
+    def when_atomic(self, typ: AtomicType) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)
+
+    def when_application(self, typ: TypeApplication) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)
+
+    def when_constructor(self, typ: TypeConstructor) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)
+
+    def when_record(self, typ: Record) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)
+
+    def when_type_level_nat(self, typ: TypeLevelNat) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)
+
+    def when_variable(self, typ: TypeVariable) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)
+
+    def __call__(self, typ: TypeExpr) -> T:
+        if isinstance(typ, AtomicType):
+            if isinstance(typ, Record):
+                return self.when_record(typ)
+
+            return self.when_atomic(typ)
+
+        if isinstance(typ, TypeApplication):
+            return self.when_application(typ)
+
+        if isinstance(typ, TypeConstructor):
+            return self.when_constructor(typ)
+
+        if isinstance(typ, TypeLevelNat):
+            return self.when_type_level_nat(typ)
+
+        if isinstance(typ, TypeVariable):
+            return self.when_variable(typ)
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)

phasm/typeclass/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from typing import Iterable
+
+from ..type5.constrainedexpr import ConstrainedExpr, TypeConstraint
+from ..type5.typeexpr import TypeExpr, TypeVariable, instantiate
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class TypeClass:
+    name: str
+    variables: tuple[TypeVariable, ...]
+    methods: dict[str, TypeExpr | ConstrainedExpr] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
+    operators: dict[str, TypeExpr | ConstrainedExpr] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
+
+class TypeClassConstraint(TypeConstraint):
+    __slots__ = ('cls', 'variables', )
+
+    def __init__(self, cls: TypeClass, variables: Iterable[TypeVariable]) -> None:
+        self.cls = cls
+        self.variables = tuple(variables)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        vrs = ' '.join(x.name for x in self.variables)
+
+        return f'{self.cls.name} {vrs}'
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        vrs = ', '.join(str(x) for x in self.variables)
+
+        return f'TypeClassConstraint({self.cls.name}, [{vrs}])'
+
+    def instantiate(self, known_map: dict[TypeVariable, TypeVariable]) -> TypeClassConstraint:
+        return TypeClassConstraint(
+            self.cls,
+            [
+                # instantiate returns a TypeVariable if you give it a TypeVariable,
+                # but I can't seem to convince mypy of that.
+                instantiate(var, known_map)  # type: ignore
+                for var in self.variables
+            ]
+        )

phasm/typing.py

@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-"""
-The phasm type system
-"""
-from typing import Optional, List
-
-class TypeBase:
-    """
-    TypeBase base class
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        """
-        When allocating this type in memory, how many bytes do we need to reserve?
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError(self, 'alloc_size')
-
-class TypeNone(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The None (or Void) type
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-class TypeBool(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The boolean type
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-class TypeUInt8(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The Integer type, unsigned and 8 bits wide
-
-    Note that under the hood we need to use i32 to represent
-    these values in expressions. So we need to add some operations
-    to make sure the math checks out.
-
-    So while this does save bytes in memory, it may not actually
-    speed up or improve your code.
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        return 4 # Int32 under the hood
-
-class TypeUInt32(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The Integer type, unsigned and 32 bits wide
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        return 4
-
-class TypeUInt64(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The Integer type, unsigned and 64 bits wide
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        return 8
-
-class TypeInt32(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The Integer type, signed and 32 bits wide
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        return 4
-
-class TypeInt64(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The Integer type, signed and 64 bits wide
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        return 8
-
-class TypeFloat32(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The Float type, 32 bits wide
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        return 4
-
-class TypeFloat64(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The Float type, 64 bits wide
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        return 8
-
-class TypeBytes(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The bytes type
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-class TypeTupleMember:
-    """
-    Represents a tuple member
-    """
-    def __init__(self, idx: int, type_: TypeBase, offset: int) -> None:
-        self.idx = idx
-        self.type = type_
-        self.offset = offset
-
-class TypeTuple(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The tuple type
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('members', )
-
-    members: List[TypeTupleMember]
-
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.members = []
-
-    def render_internal_name(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Generates an internal name for this tuple
-        """
-        mems = '@'.join('?' for x in self.members) # FIXME: Should not be a questionmark
-        assert ' ' not in mems, 'Not implement yet: subtuples'
-        return f'tuple@{mems}'
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        return sum(
-            x.type.alloc_size()
-            for x in self.members
-        )
-
-class TypeStaticArrayMember:
-    """
-    Represents a static array member
-    """
-    def __init__(self, idx: int, offset: int) -> None:
-        self.idx = idx
-        self.offset = offset
-
-class TypeStaticArray(TypeBase):
-    """
-    The static array type
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('member_type', 'members', )
-
-    member_type: TypeBase
-    members: List[TypeStaticArrayMember]
-
-    def __init__(self, member_type: TypeBase) -> None:
-        self.member_type = member_type
-        self.members = []
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        return self.member_type.alloc_size() * len(self.members)
-
-class TypeStructMember:
-    """
-    Represents a struct member
-    """
-    def __init__(self, name: str, type_: TypeBase, offset: int) -> None:
-        self.name = name
-        self.type = type_
-        self.offset = offset
-
-class TypeStruct(TypeBase):
-    """
-    A struct has named properties
-    """
-    __slots__ = ('name', 'lineno', 'members', )
-
-    name: str
-    lineno: int
-    members: List[TypeStructMember]
-
-    def __init__(self, name: str, lineno: int) -> None:
-        self.name = name
-        self.lineno = lineno
-        self.members = []
-
-    def get_member(self, name: str) -> Optional[TypeStructMember]:
-        """
-        Returns a member by name
-        """
-        for mem in self.members:
-            if mem.name == name:
-                return mem
-
-        return None
-
-    def alloc_size(self) -> int:
-        return sum(
-            x.type.alloc_size()
-            for x in self.members
-        )

phasm/wasm.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ and being able to conver it to Web Assembly Text Format
 
 from typing import Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple
 
+
 class WatSerializable:
     """
     Mixin for clases that can be serialized as WebAssembly Text
@@ -104,11 +105,17 @@ class Import(WatSerializable):
                else f' (result {self.result.to_wat()})'
         )
 
-class Statement(WatSerializable):
+class StatementBase(WatSerializable):
+    pass
+
+class Statement(StatementBase   ):
     """
     Represents a Web Assembly statement
     """
     def __init__(self, name: str, *args: str, comment: Optional[str] = None):
+        assert ' ' not in name, 'Please pass argument separately'
+        assert name != 'call', 'Please use StatementCall'
+
         self.name = name
         self.args = args
         self.comment = comment
@@ -119,6 +126,16 @@ class Statement(WatSerializable):
 
         return f'{self.name} {args}{comment}'
 
+class StatementCall(StatementBase   ):
+    def __init__(self, func_name: str, comment: str | None = None):
+        self.func_name = func_name
+        self.comment = comment
+
+    def to_wat(self) -> str:
+        comment = f' ;; {self.comment}' if self.comment else ''
+
+        return f'call ${self.func_name} {comment}'
+
 class Function(WatSerializable):
     """
     Represents a Web Assembly function
@@ -130,7 +147,7 @@ class Function(WatSerializable):
             params: Iterable[Param],
             locals_: Iterable[Param],
             result: WasmType,
-            statements: Iterable[Statement],
+            statements: Iterable[StatementBase],
         ) -> None:
         self.name = name
         self.exported_name = exported_name
@@ -185,6 +202,7 @@ class Module(WatSerializable):
     """
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.imports: List[Import] = []
+        self.table: dict[int, str] = {}
         self.functions: List[Function] = []
         self.memory = ModuleMemory()
 
@@ -192,8 +210,10 @@ class Module(WatSerializable):
         """
         Generates the text version
         """
-        return '(module\n  {}\n  {}\n  {})\n'.format(
+        return '(module\n  {}\n  {}\n  {}\n  {}\n  {})\n'.format(
             '\n  '.join(x.to_wat() for x in self.imports),
+            f'(table {len(self.table)} funcref)',
+            '\n  '.join(f'(elem (i32.const {k}) ${v})' for k, v in self.table.items()),
             self.memory.to_wat(),
             '\n  '.join(x.to_wat() for x in self.functions),
         )

phasm/wasmeasy.py

@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Helper functions to quickly generate WASM code
-"""
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Type
-
-import functools
-
-from . import wasm
-
-#pylint: disable=C0103,C0115,C0116,R0201,R0902
-
-class Prefix_inn_fnn:
-    def __init__(self, prefix: str) -> None:
-        self.prefix = prefix
-
-        # 6.5.5. Memory Instructions
-        self.load = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.load')
-        self.store = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.store')
-
-        # 6.5.6. Numeric Instructions
-        self.clz = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.clz')
-        self.ctz = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.ctz')
-        self.popcnt = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.popcnt')
-        self.add = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.add')
-        self.sub = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.sub')
-        self.mul = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.mul')
-        self.div_s = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.div_s')
-        self.div_u = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.div_u')
-        self.rem_s = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.rem_s')
-        self.rem_u = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.rem_u')
-        self.and_ = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.and')
-        self.or_ = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.or')
-        self.xor = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.xor')
-        self.shl = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.shl')
-        self.shr_s = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.shr_s')
-        self.shr_u = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.shr_u')
-        self.rotl = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.rotl')
-        self.rotr = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.rotr')
-
-        self.eqz = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.eqz')
-        self.eq = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.eq')
-        self.ne = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.ne')
-        self.lt_s = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.lt_s')
-        self.lt_u = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.lt_u')
-        self.gt_s = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.gt_s')
-        self.gt_u = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.gt_u')
-        self.le_s = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.le_s')
-        self.le_u = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.le_u')
-        self.ge_s = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.ge_s')
-        self.ge_u = functools.partial(wasm.Statement, f'{self.prefix}.ge_u')
-
-    def const(self, value: int, comment: Optional[str] = None) -> wasm.Statement:
-        return wasm.Statement(f'{self.prefix}.const', f'0x{value:08x}', comment=comment)
-
-i32 = Prefix_inn_fnn('i32')
-i64 = Prefix_inn_fnn('i64')
-
-class Block:
-    def __init__(self, start: str) -> None:
-        self.start = start
-
-    def __call__(self, *statements: wasm.Statement) -> List[wasm.Statement]:
-        return [
-            wasm.Statement('if'),
-            *statements,
-            wasm.Statement('end'),
-        ]
-
-if_ = Block('if')

phasm/wasmgenerator.py

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 """
 Helper functions to generate WASM code by writing Python functions
 """
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Type
-
 import functools
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Type
 
 from . import wasm
 
@@ -22,6 +21,15 @@ class VarType_u8(VarType_Base):
 class VarType_i32(VarType_Base):
     wasm_type = wasm.WasmTypeInt32
 
+class VarType_i64(VarType_Base):
+    wasm_type = wasm.WasmTypeInt64
+
+class VarType_f32(VarType_Base):
+    wasm_type = wasm.WasmTypeFloat32
+
+class VarType_f64(VarType_Base):
+    wasm_type = wasm.WasmTypeFloat64
+
 class Generator_i32i64:
     def __init__(self, prefix: str, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         self.prefix = prefix
@@ -32,41 +40,101 @@ class Generator_i32i64:
         self.add = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.add')
         self.sub = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.sub')
         self.mul = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.mul')
+        self.div_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.div_s')
+        self.div_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.div_u')
+        self.rem_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.rem_s')
+        self.rem_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.rem_u')
+        self.and_ = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.and')
+        self.or_ = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.or')
+        self.xor = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.xor')
+        self.shl = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.shl')
+        self.shr_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.shr_s')
+        self.shr_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.shr_u')
+        self.rotl = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.rotl')
+        self.rotr = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.rotr')
+
+        # itestop
+        self.eqz = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.eqz')
 
         # irelop
         self.eq = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.eq')
         self.ne = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.ne')
+        self.lt_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.lt_s')
         self.lt_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.lt_u')
+        self.gt_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.gt_s')
+        self.gt_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.gt_u')
+        self.le_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.le_s')
+        self.le_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.le_u')
+        self.ge_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.ge_s')
         self.ge_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.ge_u')
 
+        self.trunc_f32_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.trunc_f32_s')
+        self.trunc_f32_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.trunc_f32_u')
+        self.trunc_f64_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.trunc_f64_s')
+        self.trunc_f64_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.trunc_f64_u')
+
         # 2.4.4. Memory Instructions
         self.load = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.load')
         self.load8_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.load8_u')
         self.store = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.store')
 
     def const(self, value: int, comment: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
-        self.generator.add_statement(f'{self.prefix}.const', f'0x{value:08x}', comment=comment)
+        self.generator.add_statement(f'{self.prefix}.const', f'{value}', comment=comment)
 
 class Generator_i32(Generator_i32i64):
     def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         super().__init__('i32', generator)
 
+        # 2.4.1. Numeric Instructions
+        self.reinterpret_f32 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'i32.reinterpret_f32')
+        self.wrap_i64 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'i32.wrap_i64')
+
 class Generator_i64(Generator_i32i64):
     def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         super().__init__('i64', generator)
 
+        # 2.4.1. Numeric Instructions
+        self.extend_i32_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'i64.extend_i32_s')
+        self.extend_i32_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'i64.extend_i32_u')
+        self.reinterpret_f64 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'i64.reinterpret_f64')
+
 class Generator_f32f64:
     def __init__(self, prefix: str, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         self.prefix = prefix
         self.generator = generator
 
         # 2.4.1. Numeric Instructions
+        # funop
+        self.abs = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.abs')
+        self.neg = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.neg')
+        self.sqrt = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.sqrt')
+        self.ceil = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.ceil')
+        self.floor = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.floor')
+        self.trunc = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.trunc')
+        self.nearest = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.nearest')
+
         # fbinop
         self.add = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.add')
+        self.sub = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.sub')
+        self.mul = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.mul')
+        self.div = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.div')
+        self.min = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.min')
+        self.max = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.max')
+        self.copysign = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.copysign')
 
         # frelop
         self.eq = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.eq')
         self.ne = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.ne')
+        self.lt = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.lt')
+        self.gt = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.gt')
+        self.le = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.le')
+        self.ge = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.ge')
+
+        # Other instr - convert
+        self.convert_i32_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.convert_i32_s')
+        self.convert_i32_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.convert_i32_u')
+        self.convert_i64_s = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.convert_i64_s')
+        self.convert_i64_u = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.convert_i64_u')
 
         # 2.4.4. Memory Instructions
         self.load = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, f'{prefix}.load')
@@ -80,10 +148,19 @@ class Generator_f32(Generator_f32f64):
     def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         super().__init__('f32', generator)
 
+        # 2.4.1 Numeric Instructions
+        self.demote_f64 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'f32.demote_f64')
+        self.reinterpret_i32 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'f32.reinterpret_i32')
+
 class Generator_f64(Generator_f32f64):
     def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         super().__init__('f64', generator)
 
+        # 2.4.1 Numeric Instructions
+        self.promote_f32 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'f64.promote_f32')
+        self.reinterpret_i64 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'f64.reinterpret_i64')
+        self.reinterpret_i64 = functools.partial(self.generator.add_statement, 'f64.reinterpret_i64')
+
 class Generator_Local:
     def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator') -> None:
         self.generator = generator
@@ -103,12 +180,33 @@ class Generator_Local:
         self.generator.add_statement('local.tee', variable.name_ref, comment=comment)
 
 class GeneratorBlock:
-    def __init__(self, generator: 'Generator', name: str) -> None:
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            generator: 'Generator',
+            name: str,
+            params: Iterable[str | Type[wasm.WasmType]] = (),
+            result: str | Type[wasm.WasmType] | None = None,
+            comment: str | None = None,
+        ) -> None:
         self.generator = generator
         self.name = name
+        self.params = params
+        self.result = result
+        self.comment = comment
 
     def __enter__(self) -> None:
-        self.generator.add_statement(self.name)
+        stmt = self.name
+        args: list[str] = []
+        if self.params:
+            args.extend(
+                f'(param {typ})' if isinstance(typ, str) else f'(param {typ().to_wat()})'
+                for typ in self.params
+            )
+        if self.result:
+            result = self.result if isinstance(self.result, str) else self.result().to_wat()
+            args.append(f'(result {result})')
+
+        self.generator.add_statement(stmt, *args, comment=self.comment)
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_type: Any, exc_value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
         if not exc_type:
@@ -116,7 +214,7 @@ class GeneratorBlock:
 
 class Generator:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.statements: List[wasm.Statement] = []
+        self.statements: List[wasm.StatementBase] = []
         self.locals: Dict[str, VarType_Base] = {}
 
         self.i32 = Generator_i32(self)
@@ -124,13 +222,16 @@ class Generator:
         self.f32 = Generator_f32(self)
         self.f64 = Generator_f64(self)
 
+        # Parametric Instructions
+        self.drop = functools.partial(self.add_statement, 'drop')
+
         # 2.4.3 Variable Instructions
         self.local = Generator_Local(self)
 
         # 2.4.5 Control Instructions
         self.nop = functools.partial(self.add_statement, 'nop')
         self.unreachable = functools.partial(self.add_statement, 'unreachable')
-        # block
+        self.block = functools.partial(GeneratorBlock, self, 'block')
         self.loop = functools.partial(GeneratorBlock, self, 'loop')
         self.if_ = functools.partial(GeneratorBlock, self, 'if')
         # br
@@ -138,32 +239,68 @@ class Generator:
         # br_table
         self.return_ = functools.partial(self.add_statement, 'return')
         # call - see below
-        # call_indirect
+        # call_indirect - see below
 
     def br_if(self, idx: int) -> None:
         self.add_statement('br_if', f'{idx}')
 
-    def call(self, function: wasm.Function) -> None:
-        self.add_statement('call', f'${function.name}')
+    def call(self, function: wasm.Function | str) -> None:
+        if isinstance(function, wasm.Function):
+            function = function.name
+
+        self.statements.append(wasm.StatementCall(function))
+
+    def call_indirect(self, params: Iterable[Type[wasm.WasmType] | wasm.WasmType], result: Type[wasm.WasmType] | wasm.WasmType) -> None:
+        param_str = ' '.join(
+            (x() if isinstance(x, type) else x).to_wat()
+            for x in params
+        )
+
+        if isinstance(result, type):
+            result = result()
+        result_str = result.to_wat()
+
+        self.add_statement('call_indirect', f'(param {param_str})', f'(result {result_str})')
 
     def add_statement(self, name: str, *args: str, comment: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         self.statements.append(wasm.Statement(name, *args, comment=comment))
 
-    def temp_var_i32(self, infix: str) -> VarType_i32:
+    def temp_var[T: VarType_Base](self, var: T) -> T:
         idx = 0
-        while (varname := f'__{infix}_tmp_var_{idx}__') in self.locals:
+        while (varname := f'__{var.name}_tmp_var_{idx}__') in self.locals:
             idx += 1
 
-        return VarType_i32(varname)
+        return var.__class__(varname)
 
-    def temp_var_u8(self, infix: str) -> VarType_u8:
+    def temp_var_t(self, typ: Type[wasm.WasmType], name: str) -> VarType_Base:
         idx = 0
-        while (varname := f'__{infix}_tmp_var_{idx}__') in self.locals:
+        while (varname := f'__{name}_tmp_var_{idx}__') in self.locals:
             idx += 1
 
+        if typ is wasm.WasmTypeInt32:
             return VarType_u8(varname)
 
-def func_wrapper(exported: bool = True) -> Callable[[Any], wasm.Function]:
+        if typ is wasm.WasmTypeInt32:
+            return VarType_i32(varname)
+
+        if typ is wasm.WasmTypeInt64:
+            return VarType_i64(varname)
+
+        if typ is wasm.WasmTypeFloat32:
+            return VarType_f32(varname)
+
+        if typ is wasm.WasmTypeFloat64:
+            return VarType_f64(varname)
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)
+
+    def temp_var_i32(self, infix: str) -> VarType_i32:
+        return self.temp_var(VarType_i32(infix))
+
+    def temp_var_u8(self, infix: str) -> VarType_u8:
+        return self.temp_var(VarType_u8(infix))
+
+def func_wrapper(exported: bool = False) -> Callable[[Any], wasm.Function]:
     """
     This wrapper will execute the function and return
     a wasm Function with the generated Statements
@@ -205,6 +342,10 @@ def func_wrapper(exported: bool = True) -> Callable[[Any], wasm.Function]:
         # Check what locals were used, and define them
         locals_: List[wasm.Param] = []
         for local_name, local_type in generator.locals.items():
+            if local_name in args:
+                # Already defined as a local by wasm itself
+                continue
+
             locals_.append((local_name, local_type.wasm_type(), ))
 
         # Complete function definition

pylintrc

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [MASTER]
-disable=C0122,R0903,R0911,R0912,R0913,R0915,R1710,W0223
+disable=C0103,C0122,R0902,R0903,R0911,R0912,R0913,R0915,R1710,W0223
 
 max-line-length=180
 
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ max-line-length=180
 good-names=g
 
 [tests]
-disable=C0116,
+disable=C0116,R0201

pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[tool.ruff.lint]
+select = ["F", "E", "W", "I"]
+ignore = ["E501"]

requirements.txt

@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
-mypy==0.812
-pygments==2.12.0
-pylint==2.7.4
-pytest==6.2.2
+marko==2.1.3
+mypy==1.17.1
+pygments==2.19.1
+pytest==8.3.5
 pytest-integration==0.2.2
-pywasm==1.0.7
-pywasm3==0.5.0
-wasmer==1.1.0
-wasmer_compiler_cranelift==1.1.0
-wasmtime==0.36.0
+ruff==0.12.7
+
+
+wasmtime==31.0.0
+
+# TODO:
+# extism?
+# wasmedge
+
+# Check 2025-04-05
+# wasm3: minimal maintenance phase
+# py-wasm: last updated 6 years ago
+# wasmer-python: Not compatible with python3.12, last updated 2 years ago
+# WAVM: Last updated 3 years ago

stubs/pywasm/__init__.pyi

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
-
-from . import binary
-from . import option
-from . import execution
-
-class Runtime:
-    store: execution.Store
-
-    def __init__(self, module: binary.Module, imps: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, opts: Optional[option.Option] = None):
-        ...
-
-    def exec(self, name: str, args: List[Union[int, float]]) -> Any:
-        ...

stubs/pywasm/binary.pyi

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-from typing import BinaryIO
-
-class Module:
-    @classmethod
-    def from_reader(cls, reader: BinaryIO) -> 'Module':
-        ...

stubs/pywasm/execution.pyi

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-from typing import List
-
-class Result:
-    ...
-
-class MemoryInstance:
-    data: bytearray
-
-class Store:
-    memory_list: List[MemoryInstance]

stubs/pywasm/option.pyi

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-class Option:
-    ...

stubs/wasm3.pyi

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Any, Callable
-
-class Module:
-    ...
-
-class Runtime:
-    ...
-
-    def load(self, wasm_bin: Module) -> None:
-        ...
-
-    def get_memory(self, memid: int) -> memoryview:
-        ...
-
-    def find_function(self, name: str) -> Callable[[Any], Any]:
-        ...
-
-class Environment:
-    def new_runtime(self, mem_size: int) -> Runtime:
-        ...
-
-    def parse_module(self, wasm_bin: bytes) -> Module:
-        ...

stubs/wasmer.pyi

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, Callable, Union
-
-def wat2wasm(inp: str) -> bytes:
-    ...
-
-class Store:
-    ...
-
-class Function:
-    def __init__(self, store: Store, func: Callable[[Any], Any]) -> None:
-        ...
-
-class Module:
-    def __init__(self, store: Store, wasm: bytes) -> None:
-        ...
-
-class Uint8Array:
-    def __getitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> int:
-        ...
-
-    def __setitem__(self, idx: int, value: int) -> None:
-        ...
-
-class Memory:
-    def uint8_view(self, offset: int = 0) -> Uint8Array:
-        ...
-
-class Exports:
-    ...
-
-class ImportObject:
-    def register(self, region: str, values: Dict[str, Function]) -> None:
-        ...
-
-class Instance:
-    exports: Exports
-
-    def __init__(self, module: Module, imports: ImportObject) -> None:
-        ...

tests/integration/helpers.py

@@ -1,123 +1,164 @@
-import io
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
-import subprocess
 import sys
-
-from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
-
-import pywasm
-
-import wasm3
-
-import wasmer
-import wasmer_compiler_cranelift
-
-import wasmtime
+from typing import Any, Callable, List, TextIO, Union
 
 from phasm.codestyle import phasm_render
-from phasm.compiler import phasm_compile
-from phasm.parser import phasm_parse
+from phasm.wasm import (
+    WasmTypeFloat32,
+    WasmTypeFloat64,
+    WasmTypeInt32,
+    WasmTypeInt64,
+)
 
-from . import runners
+from . import memory, runners
 
 DASHES = '-' * 16
 
-def wat2wasm(code_wat):
-    path = os.environ.get('WAT2WASM', 'wat2wasm')
-
-    with NamedTemporaryFile('w+t') as input_fp:
-        input_fp.write(code_wat)
-        input_fp.flush()
-
-        with NamedTemporaryFile('w+b') as output_fp:
-            subprocess.run(
-                [
-                    path,
-                    input_fp.name,
-                    '-o',
-                    output_fp.name,
-                ],
-                check=True,
-            )
-
-            output_fp.seek(0)
-
-            return output_fp.read()
+class InvalidArgumentException(Exception):
+    pass
 
 class SuiteResult:
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.returned_value = None
 
 RUNNER_CLASS_MAP = {
-    'pywasm': runners.RunnerPywasm,
-    'pywasm3': runners.RunnerPywasm3,
     'wasmtime': runners.RunnerWasmtime,
-    'wasmer': runners.RunnerWasmer,
 }
 
+TRACE_CODE_PREFIX = """
+@imported
+def trace_adr(adr: i32) -> i32:
+    pass
+
+@imported
+def trace_i32(x: i32) -> i32:
+    pass
+
+"""
+
+def make_int_trace(prefix: str) -> Callable[[int], int]:
+    def trace_helper(adr: int) -> int:
+        sys.stderr.write(f'{prefix} {adr}\n')
+        sys.stderr.flush()
+        return adr
+
+    return trace_helper
+
 class Suite:
     """
     WebAssembly test suite
     """
-    def __init__(self, code_py):
+    def __init__(self, code_py: str) -> None:
         self.code_py = code_py
 
-    def run_code(self, *args, runtime='pywasm3', imports=None):
+    def run_code(
+            self,
+            *args: Any,
+            runtime: str = 'wasmtime',
+            func_name: str = 'testEntry',
+            imports: runners.Imports = None,
+            do_format_check: bool = True,
+            verbose: bool | None = None,
+            with_traces: bool = False,
+        ) -> Any:
         """
         Compiles the given python code into wasm and
         then runs it
 
         Returned is an object with the results set
         """
+        if verbose is None:
+            verbose = bool(os.environ.get('VERBOSE'))
+
+        code_prefix = ''
+
+        if with_traces:
+            assert do_format_check is False
+
+            if imports is None:
+                imports = {}
+
+            imports.update({
+                'trace_adr': make_int_trace('ADR'),
+                'trace_i32': make_int_trace('i32'),
+            })
+
+            code_prefix = TRACE_CODE_PREFIX
+
         class_ = RUNNER_CLASS_MAP[runtime]
 
-        runner = class_(self.code_py)
-
-        runner.parse()
-        runner.compile_ast()
-        runner.compile_wat()
-        runner.compile_wasm()
-        runner.interpreter_setup()
-        runner.interpreter_load(imports)
+        runner = class_(code_prefix + self.code_py)
 
+        if verbose:
             write_header(sys.stderr, 'Phasm')
             runner.dump_phasm_code(sys.stderr)
+
+        runner.parse(verbose=verbose)
+        runner.compile_ast()
+        runner.optimise_wasm_ast()
+        runner.compile_wat()
+
+        if verbose:
             write_header(sys.stderr, 'Assembly')
             runner.dump_wasm_wat(sys.stderr)
 
+        runner.interpreter_setup()
+        runner.interpreter_load(imports)
+
+        allocator_generator = memory.Allocator(runner.phasm_ast.build, runner)
+
         # Check if code formatting works
+        if do_format_check:
             assert self.code_py == '\n' + phasm_render(runner.phasm_ast) # \n for formatting in tests
 
-        wasm_args = []
+        func = runner.phasm_ast.functions[func_name]
+        assert func.type5 is not None  # Type hint
+        func_args = runner.phasm_ast.build.type5_is_function(func.type5)
+        assert func_args is not None
+        func_ret = func_args.pop()
+        if len(func_args) != len(args):
+            raise RuntimeError(f'Invalid number of args for {func_name}')
+
+        wasm_args: List[Union[float, int]] = []
         if args:
+            if verbose:
                 write_header(sys.stderr, 'Memory (pre alloc)')
                 runner.interpreter_dump_memory(sys.stderr)
 
-            for arg in args:
-                if isinstance(arg, (int, float, )):
+            for arg, arg_typ in zip(args, func_args, strict=True):
+                arg_typ_info = runner.phasm_ast.build.type_info_map.get(arg_typ.name)
+
+                if arg_typ_info and (arg_typ_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeInt32 or arg_typ_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeInt64):
+                    assert isinstance(arg, int)
                     wasm_args.append(arg)
                     continue
 
-                if isinstance(arg, bytes):
-                    adr = runner.call('stdlib.types.__alloc_bytes__', len(arg))
-                    sys.stderr.write(f'Allocation 0x{adr:08x} {repr(arg)}\n')
-
-                    runner.interpreter_write_memory(adr + 4, arg)
-                    wasm_args.append(adr)
+                if arg_typ_info and (arg_typ_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeFloat32 or arg_typ_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeFloat64):
+                    assert isinstance(arg, float)
+                    wasm_args.append(arg)
                     continue
 
-                raise NotImplementedError(arg)
+                allocator = allocator_generator(arg_typ)
+                adr = allocator(arg)
+                wasm_args.append(adr)
 
+        if verbose:
             write_header(sys.stderr, 'Memory (pre run)')
             runner.interpreter_dump_memory(sys.stderr)
 
         result = SuiteResult()
-        result.returned_value = runner.call('testEntry', *wasm_args)
+        result.returned_value = runner.call(func_name, *wasm_args)
 
+        extractor = memory.Extractor(runner.phasm_ast.build, runner)(func_ret)
+        result.returned_value = extractor(result.returned_value)
+
+        if verbose:
             write_header(sys.stderr, 'Memory (post run)')
             runner.interpreter_dump_memory(sys.stderr)
 
         return result
 
-def write_header(textio, msg: str) -> None:
+def write_header(textio: TextIO, msg: str) -> None:
     textio.write(f'{DASHES} {msg.ljust(16)}  {DASHES}\n')

tests/integration/memory.py

@@ -0,0 +1,551 @@
+import struct
+from typing import Any, Protocol
+
+from phasm.build.base import BuildBase
+from phasm.build.typerouter import BuildTypeRouter
+from phasm.type5.record import Record
+from phasm.type5.typeexpr import AtomicType, TypeExpr
+from phasm.wasm import (
+    WasmTypeFloat32,
+    WasmTypeFloat64,
+    WasmTypeInt32,
+    WasmTypeInt64,
+    WasmTypeNone,
+)
+
+
+class MemoryAccess(Protocol):
+    def call(self, function: str, *args: Any) -> Any:
+        """
+        Use for calling allocator methods inside the WASM environment.
+        """
+
+    def interpreter_write_memory(self, offset: int, data: bytes) -> None:
+        """
+        Writes bytes directly to WASM environment memory.
+
+        Addresses should be generated using allocators via call.
+        """
+
+    def interpreter_read_memory(self, offset: int, length: int) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Reads bytes directly from WASM environment memory.
+        """
+
+class MemorySlice:
+    __slots__ = ('memory', 'offset', )
+
+    def __init__(self, memory: bytes, offset: int) -> None:
+        self.memory = memory
+        self.offset = offset
+
+    def __call__(self, size: int) -> bytes:
+        return self.memory[self.offset:self.offset + size]
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'MemorySlice({self.memory!r}, {self.offset!r})'
+
+class AllocatorFunc(Protocol):
+    alloc_size: int
+
+    def __call__(self, py_value: Any, store_at_adr: int | None = None) -> int:
+        """
+        Takes a Python value and allocaties it in the given memory
+        Based on the phasm type.
+
+        When the parent already has allocated memory, the store_at_adr is set.
+        In that case, write your value to the given address, and return it.
+        """
+
+class Allocator(BuildTypeRouter[AllocatorFunc]):
+    __slots__ = ('access', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+
+    def __init__(self, build: BuildBase[Any], access: MemoryAccess) -> None:
+        super().__init__(build)
+        self.access = access
+
+    def when_atomic(self, typ: AtomicType) -> AllocatorFunc:
+        type_info = self.build.type_info_map[typ.name]
+
+        if type_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeNone:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        if type_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeInt32 or type_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeInt64:
+            if type_info.signed is None:
+                raise NotImplementedError
+
+            return IntAllocator(self.access, type_info.signed, type_info.alloc_size)
+
+        if type_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeFloat32 or type_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeFloat64:
+            return FloatAllocator(self.access, type_info.alloc_size)
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)
+
+    def when_dynamic_array(self, da_arg: TypeExpr) -> AllocatorFunc:
+        if da_arg.name == 'u8':
+            return BytesAllocator(self.access)
+
+        return DynamicArrayAllocator(self.access, self(da_arg))
+
+    def when_static_array(self, sa_len: int, sa_typ: TypeExpr) -> AllocatorFunc:
+        return StaticArrayAllocator(self.access, sa_len, self(sa_typ))
+
+    def when_struct(self, typ: Record) -> AllocatorFunc:
+        return StructAllocator(self.access, [(x_nam, self(x_typ)) for x_nam, x_typ in typ.fields])
+
+    def when_tuple(self, tp_args: list[TypeExpr]) -> AllocatorFunc:
+        return TupleAllocator(self.access, list(map(self, tp_args)))
+
+class ExtractorFunc(Protocol):
+    alloc_size: int
+
+    def __call__(self, wasm_value: Any) -> Any:
+        """
+        Takes a WASM value and returns a Python value
+        Based on the phasm type
+        """
+
+class Extractor(BuildTypeRouter[ExtractorFunc]):
+    __slots__ = ('access', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+
+    def __init__(self, build: BuildBase[Any], access: MemoryAccess) -> None:
+        super().__init__(build)
+        self.access = access
+
+    def when_atomic(self, typ: AtomicType) -> ExtractorFunc:
+        type_info = self.build.type_info_map[typ.name]
+
+        if type_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeNone:
+            return NoneExtractor()
+
+        if type_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeInt32 or type_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeInt64:
+            if type_info.signed is None:
+                return BoolExtractor()
+
+            return IntExtractor(type_info.signed, type_info.alloc_size)
+
+        if type_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeFloat32 or type_info.wasm_type is WasmTypeFloat64:
+            return FloatExtractor(type_info.alloc_size)
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(typ)
+
+    def when_dynamic_array(self, da_arg: TypeExpr) -> ExtractorFunc:
+        if da_arg.name == 'u8':
+            return BytesExtractor(self.access)
+
+        return DynamicArrayExtractor(self.access, self(da_arg))
+
+    def when_static_array(self, sa_len: int, sa_typ: TypeExpr) -> ExtractorFunc:
+        return StaticArrayExtractor(self.access, sa_len, self(sa_typ))
+
+    def when_struct(self, typ: Record) -> ExtractorFunc:
+        return StructExtractor(self.access, [(x_nam, self(x_typ)) for x_nam, x_typ in typ.fields])
+
+    def when_tuple(self, tp_args: list[TypeExpr]) -> ExtractorFunc:
+        return TupleExtractor(self.access, list(map(self, tp_args)))
+
+class NoneExtractor:
+    __slots__ = ('alloc_size', )
+
+    alloc_size: int
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # Do not set alloc_size, it should not be called
+        # this will generate an AttributeError
+        pass
+
+    def __call__(self, wasm_value: Any) -> None:
+        assert wasm_value is None
+
+class BoolExtractor:
+    __slots__ = ('alloc_size', )
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.alloc_size = 1
+
+    def __call__(self, wasm_value: Any) -> bool:
+        assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
+
+        return wasm_value != 0
+
+class IntAllocator:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', 'signed', )
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess, signed: bool, alloc_size: int) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.signed = signed
+        self.alloc_size = alloc_size
+
+    def __call__(self, py_value: Any, store_at_adr: int | None = None) -> int:
+        if store_at_adr is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        assert isinstance(py_value, int), py_value
+        data = py_value.to_bytes(self.alloc_size, 'little', signed=self.signed)
+        self.access.interpreter_write_memory(store_at_adr, data)
+
+        return store_at_adr
+
+class IntExtractor:
+    __slots__ = ('alloc_size', 'signed', )
+
+    def __init__(self, signed: bool, alloc_size: int) -> None:
+        self.signed = signed
+        self.alloc_size = alloc_size
+
+    def __call__(self, wasm_value: Any) -> int:
+        if isinstance(wasm_value, MemorySlice):
+            # Memory stored int
+            data = wasm_value(self.alloc_size)
+        else:
+            # Int received from the wasm interface
+            # Work around the fact that phasm has unsigned integers but wasm does not
+            # Use little endian since that matches with what WASM uses internally
+            assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
+            data = wasm_value.to_bytes(8, 'little', signed=True)
+            data = data[:self.alloc_size]
+
+        return int.from_bytes(data, 'little', signed=self.signed)
+
+class PtrAllocator(IntAllocator):
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess) -> None:
+        super().__init__(access, False, 4)
+
+class PtrExtractor(IntExtractor):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(False, 4)
+
+FLOAT_LETTER_MAP = {
+    4: 'f',
+    8: 'd'
+}
+
+class FloatAllocator:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', )
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess, alloc_size: int) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.alloc_size = alloc_size
+
+    def __call__(self, py_value: Any, store_at_adr: int | None = None) -> int:
+        if store_at_adr is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        assert isinstance(py_value, (float, int, )), py_value
+        data = struct.pack(f'<{FLOAT_LETTER_MAP[self.alloc_size]}', py_value)
+        self.access.interpreter_write_memory(store_at_adr, data)
+
+        return store_at_adr
+
+class FloatExtractor:
+    __slots__ = ('alloc_size', )
+
+    def __init__(self, alloc_size: int) -> None:
+        self.alloc_size = alloc_size
+
+    def __call__(self, wasm_value: Any) -> float:
+        if isinstance(wasm_value, MemorySlice):
+            # Memory stored float
+            data = wasm_value(self.alloc_size)
+            wasm_value, = struct.unpack(f'<{FLOAT_LETTER_MAP[self.alloc_size]}', data)
+
+        assert isinstance(wasm_value, float), wasm_value
+
+        return wasm_value
+
+class DynamicArrayAllocator:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', 'sub_allocator', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+    alloc_size: int
+    sub_allocator: AllocatorFunc
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess, sub_allocator: AllocatorFunc) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.alloc_size = 4  # ptr
+        self.sub_allocator = sub_allocator
+
+    def __call__(self, py_value: Any, store_at_adr: int | None = None) -> int:
+        if store_at_adr is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        assert isinstance(py_value, tuple), py_value
+
+        py_len = len(py_value)
+
+        alloc_size = 4 + py_len * self.sub_allocator.alloc_size
+
+        adr = self.access.call('stdlib.alloc.__alloc__', alloc_size)
+        assert isinstance(adr, int)  # Type int
+        PtrAllocator(self.access)(py_len, adr)
+
+        for idx, el_value in enumerate(py_value):
+            offset = adr + 4 + idx * self.sub_allocator.alloc_size
+            self.sub_allocator(el_value, offset)
+
+        return adr
+
+class DynamicArrayExtractor:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', 'sub_extractor', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+    alloc_size: int
+    sub_extractor: ExtractorFunc
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess, sub_extractor: ExtractorFunc) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.sub_extractor = sub_extractor
+
+    def __call__(self, wasm_value: Any) -> Any:
+        assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
+        adr = wasm_value
+        del wasm_value
+
+        # wasm_value must be a pointer
+        # The first value at said pointer is the length of the array
+
+        read_bytes = self.access.interpreter_read_memory(adr, 4)
+        array_len,  = struct.unpack('<I', read_bytes)
+
+        read_bytes = self.access.interpreter_read_memory(adr + 4, array_len * self.sub_extractor.alloc_size)
+
+        return tuple(
+            self.sub_extractor(MemorySlice(read_bytes, idx * self.sub_extractor.alloc_size))
+            for idx in range(array_len)
+        )
+
+class BytesAllocator:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.alloc_size = 4  # ptr
+
+    def __call__(self, py_value: Any, store_at_adr: int | None = None) -> int:
+        assert isinstance(py_value, bytes), py_value
+
+        adr = self.access.call('stdlib.types.__alloc_bytes__', len(py_value))
+        assert isinstance(adr, int)
+        self.access.interpreter_write_memory(adr + 4, py_value)
+
+        if store_at_adr is not None:
+            PtrAllocator(self.access)(adr, store_at_adr)
+
+        return adr
+
+class BytesExtractor:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+    alloc_size: int
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.alloc_size = 4  # ptr
+
+    def __call__(self, wasm_value: Any) -> bytes:
+        if isinstance(wasm_value, MemorySlice):
+            wasm_value = PtrExtractor()(wasm_value)
+
+        assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
+        adr = wasm_value
+        del wasm_value
+
+        # wasm_value must be a pointer
+        # The first value at said pointer is the length of the array
+
+        read_bytes = self.access.interpreter_read_memory(adr, 4)
+        array_len,  = struct.unpack('<I', read_bytes)
+        adr += 4
+
+        return self.access.interpreter_read_memory(adr, array_len)
+
+class StaticArrayAllocator:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', 'sa_len', 'sub_allocator', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+    alloc_size: int
+    sa_len: int
+    sub_allocator: AllocatorFunc
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess, sa_len: int, sub_allocator: AllocatorFunc) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.alloc_size = 4  # ptr
+        self.sa_len = sa_len
+        self.sub_allocator = sub_allocator
+
+    def __call__(self, py_value: Any, store_at_adr: int | None = None) -> int:
+        assert isinstance(py_value, tuple), py_value
+        assert len(py_value) == self.sa_len
+
+        alloc_size = self.sa_len * self.sub_allocator.alloc_size
+
+        adr = self.access.call('stdlib.alloc.__alloc__', alloc_size)
+        assert isinstance(adr, int)  # Type int
+
+        for idx, el_value in enumerate(py_value):
+            sub_adr = adr + idx * self.sub_allocator.alloc_size
+            self.sub_allocator(el_value, sub_adr)
+
+        if store_at_adr is not None:
+            PtrAllocator(self.access)(adr, store_at_adr)
+
+        return adr
+
+class StaticArrayExtractor:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', 'sa_len', 'sub_extractor', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+    alloc_size: int
+    sa_len: int
+    sub_extractor: ExtractorFunc
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess, sa_len: int, sub_extractor: ExtractorFunc) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.alloc_size = 4  # ptr
+        self.sa_len = sa_len
+        self.sub_extractor = sub_extractor
+
+    def __call__(self, wasm_value: Any) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(wasm_value, MemorySlice):
+            wasm_value = PtrExtractor()(wasm_value)
+
+        assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
+        adr = wasm_value
+        del wasm_value
+
+        read_bytes = self.access.interpreter_read_memory(adr, self.sa_len * self.sub_extractor.alloc_size)
+
+        return tuple(
+            self.sub_extractor(MemorySlice(read_bytes, idx * self.sub_extractor.alloc_size))
+            for idx in range(self.sa_len)
+        )
+
+class TupleAllocator:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', 'sub_allocator_list', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+    alloc_size: int
+    sub_allocator_list: list[AllocatorFunc]
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess, sub_allocator_list: list[AllocatorFunc]) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.alloc_size = 4 # ptr
+        self.sub_allocator_list = sub_allocator_list
+
+    def __call__(self, py_value: Any, store_at_adr: int | None = None) -> int:
+        assert isinstance(py_value, tuple), py_value
+
+        total_alloc_size = sum(x.alloc_size for x in self.sub_allocator_list)
+
+        adr = self.access.call('stdlib.alloc.__alloc__', total_alloc_size)
+        assert isinstance(adr, int)  # Type int
+
+        sub_adr = adr
+        for sub_allocator, sub_value in zip(self.sub_allocator_list, py_value, strict=True):
+            sub_allocator(sub_value, sub_adr)
+            sub_adr += sub_allocator.alloc_size
+
+        if store_at_adr is not None:
+            PtrAllocator(self.access)(adr, store_at_adr)
+
+        return adr
+
+class TupleExtractor:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', 'sub_extractor_list', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+    alloc_size: int
+    sub_extractor_list: list[ExtractorFunc]
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess, sub_extractor_list: list[ExtractorFunc]) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.alloc_size = 4  # ptr
+        self.sub_extractor_list = sub_extractor_list
+
+    def __call__(self, wasm_value: Any) -> tuple[Any]:
+        if isinstance(wasm_value, MemorySlice):
+            wasm_value = PtrExtractor()(wasm_value)
+
+        assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
+        adr = wasm_value
+        del wasm_value
+
+        total_alloc_size = sum(x.alloc_size for x in self.sub_extractor_list)
+
+        read_bytes = self.access.interpreter_read_memory(adr, total_alloc_size)
+
+        result = []
+        offset = 0
+        for sub_extractor in self.sub_extractor_list:
+            result.append(sub_extractor(MemorySlice(read_bytes, offset)))
+            offset += sub_extractor.alloc_size
+        return tuple(result)
+
+class StructAllocator:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', 'sub_allocator_list', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+    alloc_size: int
+    sub_allocator_list: list[tuple[str, AllocatorFunc]]
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess, sub_allocator_list: list[tuple[str, AllocatorFunc]]) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.alloc_size = 4 # ptr
+        self.sub_allocator_list = sub_allocator_list
+
+    def __call__(self, py_value: Any, store_at_adr: int | None = None) -> int:
+        assert isinstance(py_value, dict), py_value
+
+        total_alloc_size = sum(x.alloc_size for _, x in self.sub_allocator_list)
+
+        adr = self.access.call('stdlib.alloc.__alloc__', total_alloc_size)
+        assert isinstance(adr, int)  # Type int
+
+        sub_adr = adr
+        for field_name, sub_allocator in self.sub_allocator_list:
+            sub_value = py_value[field_name]
+            sub_allocator(sub_value, sub_adr)
+            sub_adr += sub_allocator.alloc_size
+
+        if store_at_adr is not None:
+            PtrAllocator(self.access)(adr, store_at_adr)
+
+        return adr
+
+class StructExtractor:
+    __slots__ = ('access', 'alloc_size', 'sub_extractor_list', )
+
+    access: MemoryAccess
+    alloc_size: int
+    sub_extractor_list: list[tuple[str, ExtractorFunc]]
+
+    def __init__(self, access: MemoryAccess, sub_extractor_list: list[tuple[str, ExtractorFunc]]) -> None:
+        self.access = access
+        self.alloc_size = 4  # ptr
+        self.sub_extractor_list = sub_extractor_list
+
+    def __call__(self, wasm_value: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        if isinstance(wasm_value, MemorySlice):
+            wasm_value = PtrExtractor()(wasm_value)
+
+        assert isinstance(wasm_value, int), wasm_value
+        adr = wasm_value
+        del wasm_value
+
+        total_alloc_size = sum(x.alloc_size for _, x in self.sub_extractor_list)
+
+        read_bytes = self.access.interpreter_read_memory(adr, total_alloc_size)
+
+        result = {}
+        offset = 0
+        for field_name, sub_extractor in self.sub_extractor_list:
+            result[field_name] = sub_extractor(MemorySlice(read_bytes, offset))
+            offset += sub_extractor.alloc_size
+        return result

tests/integration/runners.py

@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
 """
 Runners to help run WebAssembly code on various interpreters
 """
+import ctypes
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, Optional, TextIO
 
-import ctypes
-import io
-
-import pywasm.binary
-import wasm3
-import wasmer
 import wasmtime
 
+from phasm import ourlang, wasm
 from phasm.compiler import phasm_compile
+from phasm.optimise.removeunusedfuncs import removeunusedfuncs
 from phasm.parser import phasm_parse
-from phasm import ourlang
-from phasm import wasm
+from phasm.type5.solver import phasm_type5
+from phasm.wasmgenerator import Generator as WasmGenerator
+
+Imports = Optional[Dict[str, Callable[[Any], Any]]]
 
 class RunnerBase:
     """
     Base class
     """
     phasm_code: str
-    phasm_ast: ourlang.Module
+    phasm_ast: ourlang.Module[WasmGenerator]
     wasm_ast: wasm.Module
     wasm_asm: str
     wasm_bin: bytes
@@ -35,11 +34,12 @@ class RunnerBase:
         """
         _dump_code(textio, self.phasm_code)
 
-    def parse(self) -> None:
+    def parse(self, verbose: bool = True) -> None:
         """
         Parses the Phasm code into an AST
         """
         self.phasm_ast = phasm_parse(self.phasm_code)
+        phasm_type5(self.phasm_ast, verbose=verbose)
 
     def compile_ast(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -47,6 +47,12 @@ class RunnerBase:
         """
         self.wasm_ast = phasm_compile(self.phasm_ast)
 
+    def optimise_wasm_ast(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Optimises the WebAssembly AST
+        """
+        removeunusedfuncs(self.wasm_ast)
+
     def compile_wat(self) -> None:
         """
         Compiles the WebAssembly AST into WebAssembly Assembly code
@@ -63,7 +69,7 @@ class RunnerBase:
         """
         Compiles the WebAssembly AST into WebAssembly Binary
         """
-        self.wasm_bin = wasmer.wat2wasm(self.wasm_asm)
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
     def interpreter_setup(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -71,7 +77,7 @@ class RunnerBase:
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def interpreter_load(self, imports: Optional[Dict[str, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None) -> None:
+    def interpreter_load(self, imports: Imports = None) -> None:
         """
         Loads the code into the interpreter
         """
@@ -101,77 +107,6 @@ class RunnerBase:
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-class RunnerPywasm(RunnerBase):
-    """
-    Implements a runner for pywasm
-
-    See https://pypi.org/project/pywasm/
-    """
-    module: pywasm.binary.Module
-    runtime: pywasm.Runtime
-
-    def interpreter_setup(self) -> None:
-        # Nothing to set up
-        pass
-
-    def interpreter_load(self, imports: Optional[Dict[str, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None) -> None:
-        if imports is not None:
-            raise NotImplementedError
-
-        bytesio = io.BytesIO(self.wasm_bin)
-        self.module = pywasm.binary.Module.from_reader(bytesio)
-        self.runtime = pywasm.Runtime(self.module, {}, None)
-
-    def interpreter_write_memory(self, offset: int, data: Iterable[int]) -> None:
-        for idx, byt in enumerate(data):
-            self.runtime.store.memory_list[0].data[offset + idx] = byt
-
-    def interpreter_read_memory(self, offset: int, length: int) -> bytes:
-        return self.runtime.store.memory_list[0].data[offset:length]
-
-    def interpreter_dump_memory(self, textio: TextIO) -> None:
-        _dump_memory(textio, self.runtime.store.memory_list[0].data)
-
-    def call(self, function: str, *args: Any) -> Any:
-        return self.runtime.exec(function, [*args])
-
-class RunnerPywasm3(RunnerBase):
-    """
-    Implements a runner for pywasm3
-
-    See https://pypi.org/project/pywasm3/
-    """
-    env: wasm3.Environment
-    rtime: wasm3.Runtime
-    mod: wasm3.Module
-
-    def interpreter_setup(self) -> None:
-        self.env = wasm3.Environment()
-        self.rtime = self.env.new_runtime(1024 * 1024)
-
-    def interpreter_load(self, imports: Optional[Dict[str, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None) -> None:
-        if imports is not None:
-            raise NotImplementedError
-
-        self.mod = self.env.parse_module(self.wasm_bin)
-        self.rtime.load(self.mod)
-
-    def interpreter_write_memory(self, offset: int, data: Iterable[int]) -> None:
-        memory = self.rtime.get_memory(0)
-
-        for idx, byt in enumerate(data):
-            memory[offset + idx] = byt # type: ignore
-
-    def interpreter_read_memory(self, offset: int, length: int) -> bytes:
-        memory = self.rtime.get_memory(0)
-        return memory[offset:length].tobytes()
-
-    def interpreter_dump_memory(self, textio: TextIO) -> None:
-        _dump_memory(textio, self.rtime.get_memory(0))
-
-    def call(self, function: str, *args: Any) -> Any:
-        return self.rtime.find_function(function)(*args)
-
 class RunnerWasmtime(RunnerBase):
     """
     Implements a runner for wasmtime
@@ -182,15 +117,48 @@ class RunnerWasmtime(RunnerBase):
     module: wasmtime.Module
     instance: wasmtime.Instance
 
+    @classmethod
+    def func2type(cls, func: Callable[[Any], Any]) -> wasmtime.FuncType:
+        params: list[wasmtime.ValType] = []
+
+        code = func.__code__
+        for idx in range(code.co_argcount):
+            varname = code.co_varnames[idx]
+            vartype = func.__annotations__[varname]
+
+            if vartype is int:
+                params.append(wasmtime.ValType.i32())
+            elif vartype is float:
+                params.append(wasmtime.ValType.f32())
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError
+
+        results: list[wasmtime.ValType] = []
+        if func.__annotations__['return'] is None:
+            pass # No return value
+        elif func.__annotations__['return'] is int:
+            results.append(wasmtime.ValType.i32())
+        elif func.__annotations__['return'] is float:
+            results.append(wasmtime.ValType.f32())
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError('Return type', func.__annotations__['return'])
+
+        return wasmtime.FuncType(params, results)
+
     def interpreter_setup(self) -> None:
         self.store = wasmtime.Store()
 
     def interpreter_load(self, imports: Optional[Dict[str, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None) -> None:
-        if imports is not None:
-            raise NotImplementedError
+        functions: list[wasmtime.Func] = []
 
-        self.module = wasmtime.Module(self.store.engine, self.wasm_bin)
-        self.instance = wasmtime.Instance(self.store, self.module, [])
+        if imports is not None:
+            functions = [
+                wasmtime.Func(self.store, self.__class__.func2type(f), f)
+                for f in imports.values()
+            ]
+
+        self.module = wasmtime.Module(self.store.engine, self.wasm_asm)
+        self.instance = wasmtime.Instance(self.store, self.module, functions)
 
     def interpreter_write_memory(self, offset: int, data: Iterable[int]) -> None:
         exports = self.instance.exports(self.store)
@@ -215,8 +183,7 @@ class RunnerWasmtime(RunnerBase):
         data_len = memory.data_len(self.store)
 
         raw = ctypes.string_at(data_ptr, data_len)
-
-        return raw[offset:length]
+        return raw[offset:offset + length]
 
     def interpreter_dump_memory(self, textio: TextIO) -> None:
         exports = self.instance.exports(self.store)
@@ -235,63 +202,6 @@ class RunnerWasmtime(RunnerBase):
 
         return func(self.store, *args)
 
-class RunnerWasmer(RunnerBase):
-    """
-    Implements a runner for wasmer
-
-    See https://pypi.org/project/wasmer/
-    """
-
-    # pylint: disable=E1101
-
-    store: wasmer.Store
-    module: wasmer.Module
-    instance: wasmer.Instance
-
-    def interpreter_setup(self) -> None:
-        self.store = wasmer.Store()
-
-    def interpreter_load(self, imports: Optional[Dict[str, Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None) -> None:
-        import_object = wasmer.ImportObject()
-        if imports:
-            import_object.register('imports', {
-                k: wasmer.Function(self.store, v)
-                for k, v in (imports or {}).items()
-            })
-
-        self.module = wasmer.Module(self.store, self.wasm_bin)
-        self.instance = wasmer.Instance(self.module, import_object)
-
-    def interpreter_write_memory(self, offset: int, data: Iterable[int]) -> None:
-        exports = self.instance.exports
-        memory = getattr(exports, 'memory')
-        assert isinstance(memory, wasmer.Memory)
-        view = memory.uint8_view(offset)
-
-        for idx, byt in enumerate(data):
-            view[idx] = byt
-
-    def interpreter_read_memory(self, offset: int, length: int) -> bytes:
-        exports = self.instance.exports
-        memory = getattr(exports, 'memory')
-        assert isinstance(memory, wasmer.Memory)
-        view = memory.uint8_view(offset)
-        return bytes(view[offset:length])
-
-    def interpreter_dump_memory(self, textio: TextIO) -> None:
-        exports = self.instance.exports
-        memory = getattr(exports, 'memory')
-        assert isinstance(memory, wasmer.Memory)
-        view = memory.uint8_view()
-
-        _dump_memory(textio, view) # type: ignore
-
-    def call(self, function: str, *args: Any) -> Any:
-        exports = self.instance.exports
-        func = getattr(exports, function)
-
-        return func(*args)
-
 def _dump_memory(textio: TextIO, mem: bytes) -> None:
     line_width = 16
 

tests/integration/test_builtins.py

@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-import sys
-
-import pytest
-
-from .helpers import Suite, write_header
-from .runners import RunnerPywasm
-
-def setup_interpreter(phash_code: str) -> RunnerPywasm:
-    runner = RunnerPywasm(phash_code)
-
-    runner.parse()
-    runner.compile_ast()
-    runner.compile_wat()
-    runner.compile_wasm()
-    runner.interpreter_setup()
-    runner.interpreter_load()
-
-    write_header(sys.stderr, 'Phasm')
-    runner.dump_phasm_code(sys.stderr)
-    write_header(sys.stderr, 'Assembly')
-    runner.dump_wasm_wat(sys.stderr)
-
-    return runner
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_foldl_1():
-    code_py = """
-def u8_or(l: u8, r: u8) -> u8:
-    return l | r
-
-@exported
-def testEntry(b: bytes) -> u8:
-    return foldl(u8_or, 128, b)
-"""
-    suite = Suite(code_py)
-
-    result = suite.run_code(b'')
-    assert 128 == result.returned_value
-
-    result = suite.run_code(b'\x80', runtime='pywasm')
-    assert 128 == result.returned_value
-
-    result = suite.run_code(b'\x80\x40', runtime='pywasm')
-    assert 192 == result.returned_value
-
-    result = suite.run_code(b'\x80\x40\x20\x10', runtime='pywasm')
-    assert 240 == result.returned_value
-
-    result = suite.run_code(b'\x80\x40\x20\x10\x08\x04\x02\x01', runtime='pywasm')
-    assert 255 == result.returned_value
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_foldl_2():
-    code_py = """
-def xor(l: u8, r: u8) -> u8:
-    return l ^ r
-
-@exported
-def testEntry(a: bytes, b: bytes) -> u8:
-    return foldl(xor, 0, a) ^ foldl(xor, 0, b)
-"""
-    suite = Suite(code_py)
-
-    result = suite.run_code(b'\x55\x0F', b'\x33\x80')
-    assert 233 == result.returned_value
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_foldl_3():
-    code_py = """
-def xor(l: u32, r: u8) -> u32:
-    return l ^ u32(r)
-
-@exported
-def testEntry(a: bytes) -> u32:
-    return foldl(xor, 0, a)
-"""
-    suite = Suite(code_py)
-
-    result = suite.run_code(b'\x55\x0F\x33\x80')
-    assert 233 == result.returned_value

tests/integration/test_constants.py

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-import pytest
-
-from .helpers import Suite
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_i32():
-    code_py = """
-CONSTANT: i32 = 13
-
-@exported
-def testEntry() -> i32:
-    return CONSTANT * 5
-"""
-
-    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
-
-    assert 65 == result.returned_value
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('type_', ['u8', 'u32', 'u64', ])
-def test_tuple_1(type_):
-    code_py = f"""
-CONSTANT: ({type_}, ) = (65, )
-
-@exported
-def testEntry() -> {type_}:
-    return helper(CONSTANT)
-
-def helper(vector: ({type_}, )) -> {type_}:
-    return vector[0]
-"""
-
-    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
-
-    assert 65 == result.returned_value
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_tuple_6():
-    code_py = """
-CONSTANT: (u8, u8, u32, u32, u64, u64, ) = (11, 22, 3333, 4444, 555555, 666666, )
-
-@exported
-def testEntry() -> u32:
-    return helper(CONSTANT)
-
-def helper(vector: (u8, u8, u32, u32, u64, u64, )) -> u32:
-    return vector[2]
-"""
-
-    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
-
-    assert 3333 == result.returned_value
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('type_', ['u8', 'u32', 'u64', ])
-def test_static_array_1(type_):
-    code_py = f"""
-CONSTANT: {type_}[1] = (65, )
-
-@exported
-def testEntry() -> {type_}:
-    return helper(CONSTANT)
-
-def helper(vector: {type_}[1]) -> {type_}:
-    return vector[0]
-"""
-
-    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
-
-    assert 65 == result.returned_value
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_static_array_6():
-    code_py = """
-CONSTANT: u32[6] = (11, 22, 3333, 4444, 555555, 666666, )
-
-@exported
-def testEntry() -> u32:
-    return helper(CONSTANT)
-
-def helper(vector: u32[6]) -> u32:
-    return vector[2]
-"""
-
-    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
-
-    assert 3333 == result.returned_value

tests/integration/test_examples.py

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-import binascii
-import struct
-
-import pytest
-
-from .helpers import Suite
-
-@pytest.mark.integration_test
-def test_crc32():
-    # FIXME: Stub
-    # crc = 0xFFFFFFFF
-    # byt = 0x61
-    # => (crc >> 8) ^ _CRC32_Table[(crc & 0xFF) ^ byt]
-    # (crc >> 8) = 0x00FFFFFF
-    # => 0x00FFFFFF ^ _CRC32_Table[(crc & 0xFF) ^ byt]
-    # (crc & 0xFF) = 0xFF
-    # => 0x00FFFFFF ^ _CRC32_Table[0xFF ^ byt]
-    # 0xFF ^ 0x61 = 0x9E
-    # => 0x00FFFFFF ^ _CRC32_Table[0x9E]
-    # _CRC32_Table[0x9E] = 0x17b7be43
-    # => 0x00FFFFFF ^ 0x17b7be43
-
-    code_py = """
-def _crc32_f(crc: u32, byt: u8) -> u32:
-    return 16777215 ^ 397917763
-
-def testEntry(data: bytes) -> u32:
-    return 4294967295 ^ _crc32_f(4294967295, data[0])
-"""
-    exp_result = binascii.crc32(b'a')
-
-    result = Suite(code_py).run_code(b'a')
-
-    # exp_result returns a unsigned integer, as is proper
-    exp_data = struct.pack('I', exp_result)
-    # ints extracted from WebAssembly are always signed
-    data = struct.pack('i', result.returned_value)
-
-    assert exp_data == data

tests/integration/test_examples/test_crc32.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import pytest
+
+from ..helpers import Suite
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow_integration_test
+def test_crc32():
+    with open('examples/crc32.py', 'r', encoding='ASCII') as fil:
+        code_py = "\n" + fil.read()
+
+    # https://reveng.sourceforge.io/crc-catalogue/legend.htm#crc.legend.params
+    in_put = b'123456789'
+
+    # https://reveng.sourceforge.io/crc-catalogue/17plus.htm#crc.cat.crc-32-iso-hdlc
+    check = 0xcbf43926
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code(in_put, func_name='crc32', do_format_check=False)
+
+    assert check == result.returned_value

tests/integration/test_examples/test_fib.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import pytest
+
+from ..helpers import Suite
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow_integration_test
+def test_fib():
+    with open('./examples/fib.py', 'r', encoding='UTF-8') as fil:
+        code_py = "\n" + fil.read()
+
+    result = Suite(code_py).run_code(40, func_name='fib')
+
+    assert 102334155 == result.returned_value

tests/integration/test_fib.py

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-import pytest
-
-from .helpers import Suite
-
-@pytest.mark.slow_integration_test
-def test_fib():
-    code_py = """
-def helper(n: i32, a: i32, b: i32) -> i32:
-    if n < 1:
-        return a + b
-
-    return helper(n - 1, a + b, a)
-
-def fib(n: i32) -> i32:
-    if n == 0:
-        return 0
-
-    if n == 1:
-        return 1
-
-    return helper(n - 1, 0, 1)
-
-@exported
-def testEntry() -> i32:
-    return fib(40)
-"""
-
-    result = Suite(code_py).run_code()
-
-    assert 102334155 == result.returned_value

tests/integration/test_helper.py

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-import io
-
-import pytest
-
-from pywasm import binary
-from pywasm import Runtime
-
-from .helpers import wat2wasm
-
-def run(code_wat):
-    code_wasm = wat2wasm(code_wat)
-    module = binary.Module.from_reader(io.BytesIO(code_wasm))
-
-    runtime = Runtime(module, {}, {})
-
-    out_put = runtime.exec('testEntry', [])
-    return (runtime, out_put)
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('size,offset,exp_out_put', [
-    ('32', 0,         0x3020100),
-    ('32', 1,         0x4030201),
-    ('64', 0, 0x706050403020100),
-    ('64', 2, 0x908070605040302),
-])
-def test_i32_64_load(size, offset, exp_out_put):
-    code_wat = f"""
-  (module
-    (memory 1)
-     (data (memory 0) (i32.const 0) "\\00\\01\\02\\03\\04\\05\\06\\07\\08\\09\\10")
-
-    (func (export "testEntry") (result i{size})
-      i32.const {offset}
-      i{size}.load
-      return ))
-"""
-
-    (_, out_put) = run(code_wat)
-    assert exp_out_put == out_put
-
-def test_load_then_store():
-    code_wat = """
-  (module
-    (memory 1)
-    (data (memory 0) (i32.const 0) "\\04\\00\\00\\00")
-
-    (func (export "testEntry") (result i32) (local $my_memory_value i32)
-      ;; Load i32 from address 0
-      i32.const 0
-      i32.load
-
-      ;; Add 8 to the loaded value
-      i32.const 8
-      i32.add
-
-      local.set $my_memory_value
-
-      ;; Store back to the memory
-      i32.const 0
-      local.get $my_memory_value
-      i32.store
-
-      ;; Return something
-      i32.const 9
-      return ))
-"""
-    (runtime, out_put) = run(code_wat)
-
-    assert 9 == out_put
-
-    assert (b'\x0c'+ b'\00' * 23) == runtime.store.mems[0].data[:24]

tests/integration/test_lang/generator.md

@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+# runtime_extract_value_literal
+
+As a developer
+I want to extract a $TYPE value
+In order get the result I calculated with my phasm code
+
+```py
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> $TYPE:
+    return $VAL0
+```
+
+```py
+expect(VAL0)
+```
+
+# runtime_extract_value_round_trip
+
+As a developer
+I want to extract a $TYPE value that I've input
+In order let the code select a value that I've predefined
+
+```py
+@exported
+def testEntry(x: $TYPE) -> $TYPE:
+    return x
+```
+
+```py
+expect(VAL0, given=[VAL0])
+```
+
+# module_constant_def_ok
+
+As a developer
+I want to define $TYPE module constants
+In order to make hardcoded values more visible
+and to make it easier to change hardcoded values
+
+```py
+CONSTANT: $TYPE = $VAL0
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> i32:
+    return 9
+```
+
+```py
+expect(9)
+```
+
+# module_constant_def_bad
+
+As a developer
+I want to receive a type error on an invalid assignment on a $TYPE module constant
+In order to make debugging easier
+
+```py
+CONSTANT: (u32, ) = $VAL0
+```
+
+```py
+if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('dynamic_array_'):
+    expect_type_error('Tuple element count mismatch')
+elif TYPE_NAME == 'bytes':
+    expect_type_error('Cannot convert from literal bytes')
+elif TYPE_NAME == 'f32' or TYPE_NAME == 'f64':
+    expect_type_error('Cannot convert from literal float')
+elif TYPE_NAME == 'i32' or TYPE_NAME == 'i64' or TYPE_NAME == 'u32' or TYPE_NAME == 'u64':
+    expect_type_error('Cannot convert from literal integer')
+else:
+    expect_type_error('Not the same type')
+```
+
+# function_result_is_literal_ok
+
+As a developer
+I want to use return a literal from a function
+In order to define constants in a more dynamic way
+
+```py
+def drop_arg_return_9(x: $TYPE) -> i32:
+    return 9
+
+def constant() -> $TYPE:
+    return $VAL0
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> i32:
+    return drop_arg_return_9(constant())
+```
+
+```py
+expect(9)
+```
+
+# function_result_is_literal_bad
+
+As a developer
+I want to receive a type error when returning a $TYPE literal for a function that doesn't return that type
+In order to make debugging easier
+
+```py
+def drop_arg_return_9(x: (u32, )) -> i32:
+    return 9
+
+def constant() -> (u32, ):
+    return $VAL0
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> i32:
+    return drop_arg_return_9(constant())
+```
+
+```py
+if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('dynamic_array_'):
+    expect_type_error('Tuple element count mismatch')
+elif TYPE_NAME.startswith('struct_'):
+    expect_type_error('Not the same type')
+elif TYPE_NAME == 'bytes':
+    expect_type_error('Cannot convert from literal bytes')
+elif TYPE_NAME == 'f32' or TYPE_NAME == 'f64':
+    expect_type_error('Cannot convert from literal float')
+elif TYPE_NAME == 'i32' or TYPE_NAME == 'i64' or TYPE_NAME == 'u32' or TYPE_NAME == 'u64':
+    expect_type_error('Cannot convert from literal integer')
+else:
+    expect_type_error('Not the same type')
+```
+
+# function_result_is_module_constant_ok
+
+As a developer
+I want to use return a $TYPE module constant from a function
+In order to use my module constants in return statements
+
+```py
+CONSTANT: $TYPE = $VAL0
+
+def helper(x: $TYPE) -> i32:
+    return 9
+
+def constant() -> $TYPE:
+    return CONSTANT
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> i32:
+    return helper(constant())
+```
+
+```py
+expect(9)
+```
+
+# function_result_is_module_constant_bad
+
+As a developer
+I want to receive a type error when returning a $TYPE module constant for a function that doesn't return that type
+In order to make debugging easier
+
+```py
+CONSTANT: $TYPE = $VAL0
+
+def drop_arg_return_9(x: (u32, )) -> i32:
+    return 9
+
+def constant() -> (u32, ):
+    return CONSTANT
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> i32:
+    return drop_arg_return_9(constant())
+```
+
+```py
+expect_type_error('Not the same type')
+```
+
+# function_result_is_arg_ok
+
+As a developer
+I want to use return a $TYPE function argument
+In order to make it possible to select a value using a function
+
+```py
+CONSTANT: $TYPE = $VAL0
+
+def drop_arg_return_9(x: $TYPE) -> i32:
+    return 9
+
+def select(x: $TYPE) -> $TYPE:
+    return x
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> i32:
+    return drop_arg_return_9(select(CONSTANT))
+```
+
+```py
+expect(9)
+```
+
+# function_result_is_arg_bad
+
+As a developer
+I want to receive a type error when returning a $TYPE argument for a function that doesn't return that type
+In order to make debugging easier
+
+```py
+def drop_arg_return_9(x: (u32, )) -> i32:
+    return 9
+
+def select(x: $TYPE) -> (u32, ):
+    return x
+```
+
+```py
+expect_type_error('Not the same type')
+```
+
+# function_arg_literal_ok
+
+As a developer
+I want to use a $TYPE literal by passing it to a function
+In order to use a pre-existing function with the values I specify
+
+```py
+def helper(x: $TYPE) -> i32:
+    return 9
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> i32:
+    return helper($VAL0)
+```
+
+```py
+expect(9)
+```
+
+# function_arg_literal_bad
+
+As a developer
+I want to receive a type error when passing a $TYPE literal to a function that does not accept it
+In order to make debugging easier
+
+```py
+def helper(x: (u32, )) -> i32:
+    return 9
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> i32:
+    return helper($VAL0)
+```
+
+```py
+if TYPE_NAME.startswith('tuple_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('static_array_') or TYPE_NAME.startswith('dynamic_array_'):
+    expect_type_error('Tuple element count mismatch')
+elif TYPE_NAME.startswith('struct_'):
+    expect_type_error('Not the same type')
+elif TYPE_NAME == 'bytes':
+    expect_type_error('Cannot convert from literal bytes')
+elif TYPE_NAME == 'f32' or TYPE_NAME == 'f64':
+    expect_type_error('Cannot convert from literal float')
+elif TYPE_NAME == 'i32' or TYPE_NAME == 'i64' or TYPE_NAME == 'u32' or TYPE_NAME == 'u64':
+    expect_type_error('Cannot convert from literal integer')
+else:
+    expect_type_error('Not the same type')
+```
+
+# function_arg_module_constant_def_ok
+
+As a developer
+I want to use a $TYPE module constant by passing it to a function
+In order to use my defined value with a pre-existing function
+
+```py
+CONSTANT: $TYPE = $VAL0
+
+def helper(x: $TYPE) -> i32:
+    return 9
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> i32:
+    return helper(CONSTANT)
+```
+
+```py
+expect(9)
+```
+
+# function_arg_module_constant_def_bad
+
+As a developer
+I want to receive a type error when passing a $TYPE module constant to a function that does not accept it
+In order to make debugging easier
+
+```py
+CONSTANT: $TYPE = $VAL0
+
+def helper(x: (u32, )) -> i32:
+    return 9
+
+@exported
+def testEntry() -> i32:
+    return helper(CONSTANT)
+```
+
+```py
+expect_type_error('Not the same type')
+```

tests/integration/test_lang/generator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import functools
+import json
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+
+import marko
+import marko.md_renderer
+
+
+def get_tests(template):
+    test_data = None
+    for el in template.children:
+        if isinstance(el, marko.block.BlankLine):
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(el, marko.block.Heading):
+            if test_data is not None:
+                yield test_data
+
+            test_data = []
+            test_data.append(el)
+            continue
+
+        if test_data is not None:
+            test_data.append(el)
+
+    if test_data is not None:
+        yield test_data
+
+def apply_settings(settings, txt):
+    for k, v in settings.items():
+        if k in ('CODE_HEADER', 'PYTHON'):
+            continue
+
+        txt = txt.replace(f'${k}', v)
+    return txt
+
+def generate_assertion_expect(result, arg, given=None):
+    given = given or []
+
+    result.append('result = Suite(code_py).run_code(' + ', '.join(repr(x) for x in given) + ')')
+    result.append(f'assert {repr(arg)} == result.returned_value')
+
+def generate_assertion_expect_type_error(result, error_msg):
+    result.append(f'with pytest.raises(Type5SolverException, match={error_msg!r}):')
+    result.append('    Suite(code_py).run_code()')
+
+def json_does_not_support_byte_or_tuple_values_fix(inp: Any):
+    if isinstance(inp, (int, float, )):
+        return inp
+
+    if isinstance(inp, str):
+        if inp.startswith('bytes:'):
+            return inp[6:].encode()
+        return inp
+
+    if isinstance(inp, list):
+        return tuple(map(json_does_not_support_byte_or_tuple_values_fix, inp))
+
+    if isinstance(inp, dict):
+        return {
+            key: json_does_not_support_byte_or_tuple_values_fix(val)
+            for key, val in inp.items()
+        }
+
+    raise NotImplementedError(inp)
+
+def generate_assertions(settings, result_code):
+    result = []
+
+    locals_ = {
+        'TYPE': settings['TYPE'],
+        'TYPE_NAME': settings['TYPE_NAME'],
+        'expect': functools.partial(generate_assertion_expect, result),
+        'expect_type_error': functools.partial(generate_assertion_expect_type_error, result),
+    }
+
+    if 'PYTHON' in settings:
+        locals_.update(json_does_not_support_byte_or_tuple_values_fix(settings['PYTHON']))
+
+    if 'VAL0' not in locals_:
+        locals_['VAL0'] = eval(settings['VAL0'])
+
+    exec(result_code, {}, locals_)
+
+    return '    ' + '\n    '.join(result) + '\n'
+
+def generate_code(markdown, template, settings):
+    type_name = settings['TYPE_NAME']
+
+    print('"""')
+    print('AUTO GENERATED')
+    print()
+    print('TEMPLATE:', sys.argv[1])
+    print('SETTINGS:', sys.argv[2])
+    print('"""')
+    print('import pytest')
+    print()
+    print('from phasm.type5.solver import Type5SolverException')
+    print()
+    print('from ..helpers import Suite')
+    print()
+    print()
+
+    for test in get_tests(template):
+        assert len(test) == 4, test
+        heading, paragraph, code_block1, code_block2 = test
+
+        assert isinstance(heading, marko.block.Heading)
+        assert isinstance(paragraph, marko.block.Paragraph)
+        assert isinstance(code_block1, marko.block.FencedCode)
+        assert isinstance(code_block2, marko.block.FencedCode)
+
+        test_id = apply_settings(settings, heading.children[0].children)
+        user_story = apply_settings(settings, markdown.renderer.render(paragraph))
+        inp_code = apply_settings(settings, code_block1.children[0].children)
+
+        result_code = markdown.renderer.render_children(code_block2)
+
+        print('@pytest.mark.integration_test')
+        print(f'def test_{type_name}_{test_id}():')
+        print('    """')
+        print('    ' + user_story.strip().replace('\n', '\n    '))
+        print('    """')
+        print('    code_py = """')
+        if 'CODE_HEADER' in settings:
+            for lin in settings['CODE_HEADER']:
+                print(lin)
+            print()
+        print(inp_code.rstrip('\n'))
+        print('"""')
+        print()
+
+        print(generate_assertions(settings, result_code))
+        print()
+
+def main():
+    markdown = marko.Markdown(
+        renderer=marko.md_renderer.MarkdownRenderer,
+    )
+    with open(sys.argv[1], 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fil:
+        template = markdown.parse(fil.read())
+
+    with open(sys.argv[2], 'r', encoding='utf-8') as fil:
+        settings = json.load(fil)
+
+    if 'TYPE_NAME' not in settings:
+        settings['TYPE_NAME'] = settings['TYPE']
+
+    generate_code(markdown, template, settings)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_bytes.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+	"TYPE": "bytes",
+	"VAL0": "b'ABCDEFG'"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_dynamic_array_u64.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+	"TYPE_NAME": "dynamic_array_u64",
+	"TYPE": "u64[...]",
+	"VAL0": "(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, )"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_f32.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+	"TYPE": "f32",
+	"VAL0": "1000000.125"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_f64.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+	"TYPE": "f64",
+	"VAL0": "1000000.125"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_i32.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+	"TYPE": "i32",
+	"VAL0": "1000000"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_i64.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+	"TYPE": "i64",
+	"VAL0": "1000000"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_static_array_tuple_u32_u32_3.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+	"TYPE_NAME": "static_array_tuple_u32_u32_3",
+	"TYPE": "(u32, u32, )[3]",
+	"VAL0": "((1, 100, ), (2, 200, ), (3, 300, ), )"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_static_array_u64_32.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+	"TYPE_NAME": "static_array_u64_32",
+	"TYPE": "u64[32]",
+	"VAL0": "(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, )"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_static_array_with_structs.json

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+	"TYPE_NAME": "static_array_with_structs",
+	"TYPE": "StructMain[3]",
+	"VAL0": "(StructMain(1, (StructCode(-4), 4, 4.0, ), (StructCode(-1), StructCode(-2), )), StructMain(2, (StructCode(-16), 16, 16.0, ), (StructCode(3), StructCode(14), )), StructMain(3, (StructCode(-256), 256, 256.0, ), (StructCode(-9), StructCode(-98), )), )",
+	"CODE_HEADER": [
+		"class StructCode:",
+		"    code: i32",
+		"",
+		"class StructMain:",
+		"    val00: u8",
+		"    val01: (StructCode, u64, f32, )",
+		"    val02: StructCode[2]"
+	],
+	"PYTHON": {
+		"VAL0": [
+			{
+				"val00": 1,
+				"val01": [{"code": -4}, 4, 4.0],
+				"val02": [{"code": -1}, {"code": -2}]
+			},
+			{
+				"val00": 2,
+				"val01": [{"code": -16}, 16, 16.0],
+				"val02": [{"code": 3}, {"code": 14}]
+			},
+			{
+				"val00": 3,
+				"val01": [{"code": -256}, 256, 256.0],
+				"val02": [{"code": -9}, {"code": -98}]
+			}
+		]
+	}
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_struct_all_primitives.json

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+{
+	"TYPE_NAME": "struct_all_primitives",
+	"TYPE": "StructallPrimitives",
+	"VAL0": "StructallPrimitives(1, 2, 4, 8, 1, -1, 2, -2, 4, -4, 8, -8, 125.125, -125.125, 5000.5, -5000.5, b'Hello, world!')",
+	"CODE_HEADER": [
+		"class StructallPrimitives:",
+		"    val00: u8",
+		"    val03: u16",
+		"    val01: u32",
+		"    val02: u64",
+		"    val10: i8",
+		"    val11: i8",
+		"    val16: i16",
+		"    val17: i16",
+		"    val12: i32",
+		"    val13: i32",
+		"    val14: i64",
+		"    val15: i64",
+		"    val20: f32",
+		"    val21: f32",
+		"    val22: f64",
+		"    val23: f64",
+		"    val30: bytes"
+	],
+	"PYTHON": {
+		"VAL0": {
+			"val00": 1,
+			"val03": 2,
+			"val01": 4,
+			"val02": 8,
+			"val10": 1,
+			"val11": -1,
+			"val16": 2,
+			"val17": -2,
+			"val12": 4,
+			"val13": -4,
+			"val14": 8,
+			"val15": -8,
+			"val20": 125.125,
+			"val21": -125.125,
+			"val22": 5000.5,
+			"val23": -5000.5,
+			"val30": "bytes:Hello, world!"
+		}
+	}
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_struct_nested.json

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+	"TYPE_NAME": "struct_nested",
+	"TYPE": "StructNested",
+	"VAL0": "StructNested(4, SubStruct(8, 16), 20)",
+	"CODE_HEADER": [
+		"class SubStruct:",
+		"    val00: u8",
+		"    val01: u8",
+		"",
+		"class StructNested:",
+		"    val00: u64",
+		"    val01: SubStruct",
+		"    val02: u64"
+	],
+	"PYTHON": {
+		"VAL0": {
+			"val00": 4,
+			"val01": {
+				"val00": 8,
+				"val01": 16
+			},
+			"val02": 20
+		}
+	}
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_struct_one_field.json

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+	"TYPE_NAME": "struct_one_field",
+	"TYPE": "StructOneField",
+	"VAL0": "StructOneField(4)",
+	"CODE_HEADER": [
+		"class StructOneField:",
+		"    value: u32"
+	],
+	"PYTHON": {
+		"VAL0": {"value": 4}
+	}
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_tuple_all_primitives.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+	"TYPE_NAME": "tuple_all_primitives",
+	"TYPE": "(u8, u32, u64, i8, i8, i32, i32, i64, i64, f32, f32, f64, f64, bytes, )",
+	"VAL0": "(1, 4, 8, 1, -1, 4, -4, 8, -8, 125.125, -125.125, 5000.5, -5000.5, b'Hello, world!', )"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_tuple_nested.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+	"TYPE_NAME": "tuple_nested",
+	"TYPE": "(u64, (u32, bytes, u32, ), (u8, u32[3], u8, ), )",
+	"VAL0": "(1000000, (1, b'test', 2, ), (1, (4, 4, 4, ), 1, ), )"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_tuple_u64_u32_u8.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+	"TYPE_NAME": "tuple_u64_u32_u8",
+	"TYPE": "(u64, u32, u8, )",
+	"VAL0": "(1000000, 1000, 1, )"
+}

tests/integration/test_lang/generator_u32.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+	"TYPE": "u32",
+	"VAL0": "1000000"
+}